In the present study, we have investigated and compared the restorative efficiency of OLP and RLP transplants, in three different therapeutic windows (acutely, 2-week and 4-week delayed), after a complete thoracic spinal cord transection in adult rats. By the twelfth week after transplantation, animals ATM inhibitor with OLP or RLP showed a discrete and similar hindlimb motor improvement. All transplants produced comparable results for spinal cord tissue sparing and sprouting, evaluated

using GFAP and GAP-43 immunohistochemistry. Acute transplantation of OLP and RLP seems to foster some limited supraspinal axonal regeneration, as indicated by the presence of cells stained by retrograde tracing in brainstem nuclei. However, retrogradely labeled cells in cortical areas were only observed following acute RLP transplantation. A larger number of 5-HT positive fibers were

found in the cranial stump of the OLP and RLP groups compared to the lesion and caudal regions analyzed. CGRP fibers were present in considerable number at the SCI site in both transplantation types. Although the mechanisms AZD2281 order underlying the regenerative properties of OECs in the SCI site are not completely elucidated, reduction of glial scarring (Lu et al., 2006), facilitation of axon re-entry into the host–graft interface (Li et al., 2005), reduction of proteoglycan expression (García-Alías et al., 2004), angiogenesis (Richter et al., 2005),

remyelination (Sasaki et al., 2006) and growth-factors release (Lipson et al., 2003) are considered the main benefits of this cell transplantation (Tetzlaff et al., 2011). We were Cobimetinib cell line able to detect the presence of OECs in the lamina propria before and after grafting in the transection site, but the limitations of our study were the lack of the OECs quantification and the inability to investigate the possible migratory properties of these cells after transplantation. Nevertheless, some aspects of OECs behavior after transplantation have been previously documented. In an olfactory nerve injury, OECs were seen to remain at the lesion site forming a conduit that can guide regenerating nerve axons, analogously to Schwann cells after a peripheral nerve injury (Li et al., 2005 and Williams et al., 2004). After a cervical spinal cord injury model, Lu et al. (2006) failed to demonstrate any unique migratory properties of OECs, concluding that these cells probably spread due to pressure at the injection site, without active migration. On the other hand, Richter et al. (2005) showed a superior migratory ability of OECs derived from lamina propria when compared to OECs derived from OB after crush of spinal cord dorsolateral funiculus at the C3–C4 level. Thus, the migratory capacity of these cells after transplantation into different injury sites is still controversial.