cruciferae management in canola ( Lamb, Linsitinib nmr 1988), and more than 90% of the 5 million ha of canola in North America are treated with insecticides ( Waite et al., 2001). Typically, insecticide applications are made targeting adults in early spring when the canola crop is at the seedling stage, which is the most vulnerable to P. cruciferae injury ( Thomas, 2003). While foliar sprays of chemical insecticides

are effective in controlling flea beetles, there is only a narrow time window for application. Furthermore, there is no method available for predicting the occurrence of economically significant spring flea beetle densities, therefore, seed treatment with insecticides is commonly used for the management of the selleck compound beetles ( Turnock and Turnbull, 1994, Glogoza et al., 2002 and Thomas, 2003). In the Golden Triangle area in Montana, most canola growers rely on seed treatment and calendar-based spraying for insecticide applications ( Reddy et al., 2014). However, sometimes this might lead to unnecessary

chemical exposure. Frequent and repeated use of insecticides may hasten the development of insecticide resistance and is more likely to affect non-target organisms (pollinators, natural enemies, etc.) to a greater extent ( Hassan et al., 1998 and Newstrom-Lloyde, 2013). The objective of the current study was to explore alternative treatment schedules to the current practices for the control of P. cruciferae. The efficacies of treatments made at different leaf injury levels were evaluated, and compared to calendar-based sprays and seed treatment in both damage reduction and yield production. Field trials were conducted in May 2013

at 2 locations in Conrad, Montana at the Western Triangle Agricultural Research Center (N 48° 18.627′ W 111° 55.402′) and in a grower’s field (N 48° 11.633′ W 111° 48.290′) near Conrad. The canola variety ‘Nexera 1012’, commonly grown in the region, was used. Resveratrol Treatment plots were 8 m × 4 m and separated from each other by a 1 m buffer to avoid cross contamination from spray drift. Each plot was comprised of 12 rows, spaced 15.2 cm apart. Canola plants were seeded at the rate of 12 seeds per 30 cm using a 4 row plot drill. The plant density was 72 plants m−2, or approximately 576 plants per plot. Roundup® Powermax (glyphosate) formulation was applied before seeding at 2.5 L/ha to control weeds. Weeds, Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad (Caryophyllales: Amaranthaceae), and Amaranthus retroflexus (L.) (Caryophyllales: Amaranthaceae) were removed manually as needed during the growing season. Fertilizer was applied at 134.5 kg/ha of nitrogen, 2.5 kg/ha of phosphorus, 61.6 kg/ha of potassium and 22.4 kg/ha of sulfur. The time and number of applications are given in the Table 1. Data on air temperature, relative humidity, wind velocity, and rainfall prevailing during the experimental period were obtained. Each trial had 8 treatments and 3 blocks, arranged in a randomized complete block design.