In all these studies, no significant difference was observed in the anti-poliovirus types 1, 2, and 3 antibody sero-protection rates between the cohorts receiving rotavirus vaccine or placebo at 1 month after the third OPV dose. Because these studies have clearly identified that rotavirus vaccines do not affect the protective immune response to OPV, it has led to the assurance that rotavirus vaccination will not interfere with the goal of polio eradication globally [4] and [32]. Here, we review available data for the effect of trivalent

OPV on the performance of RotaTeq® and Rotarix™. These data should help scientists and public health officials better understand data on the safety and efficacy of rotavirus vaccines that are emerging Fluorouracil order from various settings worldwide. The effect of OPV JNK inhibitor solubility dmso on Rotarix™ immune response has been evaluated in 3 settings: South Africa, Bangladesh, and Latin America (Fig. 1). The three measures of immune responses that were considered in these studies included serum anti-rotavirus IgA geometric mean concentrations (GMC); percentage seroconversion (i.e., anti-rotavirus IgA antibody concentrations > 20 U/mL); or percentage of subjects with detectable rotavirus antigen in stool samples obtained at Modulators either days 0, 4, or 7 after rotavirus vaccination (Table 1). For both RotaTeq® and Rotarix™, serum concentrations of antirotavirus IgA antibodies were measured

using similar assays designed by Dr. R.L. Ward [33] and [34]. Data were obtained from either most published studies and abstracts or the detailed reports of these corresponding studies available from the GlaxoSmithKline clinical trials Web site [35]. Due to the small sample size of these studies, all

confidence limits overlapped but the general trend of reduced immune response to Rotarix™ when given with OPV was observed in all studies (Fig. 1). South Africa [26], [31] and [35]: In these trials, immunogenicity to Rotarix™ was evaluated with concomitant administration of either OPV or inactivated polio vaccine (IPV), in various dosing regimens and with different vaccine virus concentrations [26] and [31]. In the first study, two different age schedules of vaccination were evaluated – two doses of RIX4414 (a Rotarix™ precursor with titer of 105.2 FFU/mL) were given with OPV or with IPV at either 6 or 10 weeks of or at 10 and 14 weeks of age [26]. The study was not designed for an analysis to assess differences in immune response between the 2 age schedules, which occurred serendipitously as described elsewhere [26]. However, in brief, when the vaccine was given at the younger age schedule, the rotavirus IgA immune responses were generally lower to that given at the older age schedule. This difference was exacerbated by the concomitant administration of OPV [26]. Thus potentially two mechanisms may explain this observation.