Phages infecting S. thermophilus showed closed, but distinguishable patterns and slightly related to Φ936, ΦP335 and ΦSPP1. Escherichia coli phages also clustered together,

except ΦSOM1. Finally, S. epidermidis phages were also grouped, vB_SepiS-phiIPLA7 being the exception. This clustering was not surprising because of the phylogenetic relations among phages. As it has been described previously, phages infecting distantly related bacterial hosts typically share little or no nucleotide learn more sequence similarity, while phages infecting a specific bacterial host are more similar (Hatfull, 2008). Moreover, module exchanging could be the reason why phages vB_SepiS-phiIPLA7, ΦC2 and ΦSOM1 were grouped into a different cluster than the other phages infecting the same bacterial host. Phage morphology did not correlate with the RAPD-PCR clustering as phages belonging

to different morphological families ABT-263 supplier were grouped together. This is the case of ΦX174 (Microviridae), ΦP1 (Podoviridae), ΦSOM8 and ΦSOM2 (Myoviridae), which were clustered with the rest of the phages belonging to the Siphoviridae family. The classification in families is mostly based on virion morphology and nucleic acid type, and bacteriophages belonging to different families may have similar DNA sequences (Ackermann, 2003). Thereby, similar RAPD-PCR profiles can be found among families. A similar discrepancy has already been reported when using fRFLP for bacteriophage typing (Merabishvili et al., 2007). It remains

Protein kinase N1 to be confirmed whether RAPD typing using phage lysates is also a feasible technique when using phages infecting high G+C bacterial hosts as those were not included in this study. However, based on the use of DMSO in the reaction buffer and the availability of enhanced DNA polymerases and buffers active on high G+C DNA templates, it is reasonable to speculate that this approach may also be useful. RAPD-PCR on phage suspensions is a suitable approach to quickly assess the genetic diversity among newly isolated bacteriophages infecting the same species while circumventing the need for DNA extraction and purification. Using this assay, genomic fingerprints from different phages infecting Staphylococcus, Bacillus, E. coli, Lactococcus and Streptococcus were distinct and showed variations in the number of bands, fragment size and intensity. This work was supported by grants AGL2009-13144-C02-01 from the Ministry of Education of Spain, IB08-052 from FICYT (Regional Government of Asturias) and PIE200970I090 (CSIC, Spain). Thanks are due to M. Muniesa, M.A. Álvarez, J.E. Suárez and S. Ayora for kindly providing E. coli, S. thermophilus, L. lactis, L. casei and B. subtilis bacteriophages used in this study. P.G. and B.M. contributed equally to this work.