3 Therefore, the above conditions were insufficient proof concerning the red-orange autofluorescence from Cu(I)-MTs.

We indicate that the best filter set for the fluorescence microscopic observations of Cu(I)-MTs is a dichromatic mirror at 400 nm, excitation filter at 330-385 nm, and barrier filter at 420 nm because they emit the most strongly when specimens are illuminated with excitation in the 280-350 nm region.2 Using this filter set, bright yellow-orange autofluorescence was observed in the livers of the Long-Evans Cinnamon Poziotinib molecular weight (LEC) rats (an animal model of Wilson’s disease) just before spontaneous acute hepatitis (at the age of 15 weeks).4 The autofluorescence was diffuse in the cytoplasm of randomly distributed hepatic parenchymal cells (Fig. 1). The emission was observed on some vacuolated nuclei of hepatocytes, and in spherical granules of various sizes and densities in some hepatocytes and in Kupffer cells. All the emissions were present in the periportal zone and midzone of liver lobules, but not in the centrilobular zone, and were absent in the epithelial cells of hepatic veins, arteries, and bile ducts.4 So, what was the true origin of the bright red-orange autofluorescence in the report by Quaglia

et al.? There are two possible solutions. The first is that the excitation regions between 390 nm and 415 nm are the best for autofluorescence from porphyrins because porphyrins emit bright red-orange when they are excited

in Soret’s band around 405 nm.5 Actually, we R788 purchase established by using microspectrophotometry that the red-orange autofluorescence in 30-week-old male LEC rat kidneys was from the emission of porphyrins.6, 7 The second hypothesis is that there are many articles about red-orange autofluorescence in hepatocytes with liver disease, such as hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, porphyria cutanea tarda, and especially hepatocellular carcinoma. However, most reports were published from the 1950s to the 1980s.8-10 Unfortunately, we cannot see the precious color photographs click here of the red-orange autofluorescence from porphyrins in those livers, because most of those published photographs were black and white. Therefore, it has been forgotten that the origin of the red-orange autofluorescence in the liver tissues was from porphyrins. We believe that the truth is usually simple and obvious. We assert that there are phenomena in which both porphyrins and Cu(I)-MTs are colocalized in the cells of liver and/or kidneys. Those who detect autofluorescence with a red-orange and/or yellow-orange color in the cells should not focus only on the color, because our eyes cannot analyze and calculate the wavelengths. No one has ever confirmed biomaterials by watching the emitting color. How long will the debate between autofluorescence arising from porphyrins and that arising from Cu(I)-MTs continue? This unresolved conflict results in lost time, money, and human lives.