Results were presented as fold induction, normalized to hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase, which was selected as the most stable reference gene as described.14 Hygromycin phosphotransferase was used as a transfection marker, encoded within the pCB7-ATP8B1 construct. U2OS cells were grown on coverslips and co-transfected with pCB7-ATP8B1 and pcDNA3-CDC50A using polyethylenimine. After 2 days, cells were fixed using

paraformaldehyde and ATP8B1 and the ER-marker protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) or CDC50A were visualized using rabbit Selleck Palbociclib anti-VSV-G and Cy3 coupled secondary antibody together with mouse anti-PDI and AlexaFluor 488–coupled secondary antibody or FITC-conjugated mouse anti-V5. Images were acquired using a LSM710 Meta confocal microscope (Carl Zeiss, Jena, Germany). Two days after transfection, U2OS cells were washed with phosphate-buffered

saline supplemented with 0.5 mM CaCl2 and 1.0 mM MgCl2 (PBS-CM), and proteins present at the cell surface were biotinylated using sulfo-NHS-SS-biotin and solubilized as described.15 Biotinylated proteins were precipitated for 2 hours using neutravidin-coupled beads (Pierce) and analyzed by immunoblot analyses. Cytosolic proteins were undetectable in the precipitated fraction, and no precipitated protein was detected when sulfo-NHS-SS-biotin was omitted, demonstrating the specificity of the procedure. All figures represent at least three independent experiments. Protein expression was measured by densitometry using ImageJ (http://rsbweb.nih.gov/ij/). Background intensity was subtracted Cilomilast and values were compared using Mann-Whitney after testing for overall significance using the Kruskal-Wallis test (P < 0.05 was considered significant). Data are provided as mean ± standard deviation (SD). To study the effect of cholestasis-associated mutations in ATP8B1 on selleck compound protein expression, HEK293T cells were cotransfected with CDC50A and ATP8B1 wild-type (WT) and mutants. ATP8B1 WT protein was readily detectable at approximately 140 kDa, and endogenous expression in HEK293T cells was very low. The protein expression of ATP8B1 mutations G308V,

D454G, D554N, I661T, G1040R, and R1164X was significantly reduced, whereas the p.L127P mutation did not affect ATP8B1 expression levels (Fig. 1B). Identical results were obtained using U2OS cells, strongly suggesting cell type independence, and data of both cell types are averaged in Fig. 1C. ATP8B1 R1164X migrated faster than ATP8B1 WT, in agreement with the absence of the carboxyl-terminus (Fig. 1B), and also exhibited reduced expression. In contrast, the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of all mutants with reduced protein expression was unaffected (Fig. 1D). Protein expression of ATP8B1 WT, I661T, and G1040R was increased 1.1-fold to 2-fold upon treatment with the proteasomal inhibitors MG132 or epoxomycin (Fig. 2A). ATP8B1 mutants with lowest protein expression in control conditions, i.e., p.G308V, p. D454G, p.D554N, and p.