Moreover, the ratio of previous HBV infection and excessive intake of alcohol was not significantly different between cirrhotic (Scheuer stage 4) and non-cirrhotic (Scheuer stages 1–3) patients, suggesting that

at least these two factors are not associated with the development of cirrhosis in PBC patients with HCC.[1] Among patients with a previous HBV infection, integration of the HBV gene into the human genome has been reported to be associated Sotrastaurin ic50 with HCC carcinogenesis,[13] but the frequency and incidence of these patients among patients with PBC patients with HCC is not known. THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN the sexes with regard to the association of HCC among patients with PBC is an important risk factor in the HCC Dasatinib cell line carcinogenesis in patients with PBC. However, it is not clear if HCC carcinogenesis is a specific mechanism for PBC. Moreover, in females, the development of cirrhosis is a risk factor for HCC in PBC. In males, HCC cases arising from an early PBC stage are not rare. Hence, male patients with PBC should be carefully followed up from an early stage to identify HCC. THE AUTHORS THANK Professor Ichida (Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Shizuoka Hospital and President of the 47th Annual Meeting of the Liver Cancer Study Group of Japan), Junko Hirohara (Third Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan),

Toshiaki Nakano (University Information Center, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan), Yoshiyuki Ueno (Department of Gastroenterology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan), and Health and Labor Sciences Research Grants for Research on Measures for Intractable Diseases (Chief

Tsubouchi, Digestive and Lifestyle Diseases, Department of Human and Environmental Sciences, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan). “
“Aim:  To investigate the incidence and risk factors of hepatotoxicity BCKDHA in Han Chinese patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome on combined anti-retroviral therapy (cART). Methods:  A retrospective study was conducted. Results:  Among 330 subjects on cART in the cohort, 75.2% infected HIV due to improper plasma donations, 67.3% was either hepatitis C virus (HCV) or hepatitis B virus (HBV) co-infected and 46.4% had at least one episode of ALT elevation during a median 23 months follow-up time. Baseline alanine aminotransferase (ALT) elevation (P = 0.004, OR = 9.560), receiving nevirapine (NVP) based cART regimen (P = 0.007, OR = 2.470), HCV co-infection (P = 0.000, OR = 3.433) were risk factors for cART related hepatotoxicity, while greater increased CD4+ T(CD4) cell count was protective against hepatotoxicity development (P = 0.000, OR = 0.996). Patients co-infected with HCV who received NVP based cART had the greatest probability of hepatotoxicity (Log rank: x2 = 27.193, P = 0.000). Twenty-five of the 153 subjects (16.