More specifically, median (range) leucocyte counts (109/l) at days 0, 1, 2, 5, 8 and 12 were for UC 6.8 (4.7–14.7), 6.7 (4.5–11.0), 6.2 (4.7–11.2), 7.3 (5.7–12.1), 6.8 (4.8–19.4) (n = 9) and 5.9 (4.4–14.5) and for CD 7.3 (3.6–12.6), 6.3 (4.5–13.5), 7.3 (3.9–11.8), 7.0 (4.5–10.4), 6.3 (4.7–12.0) BGB324 in vitro (n = 10) and 7.3 (4.7–10.2). Corresponding values using the routine technique for CRP (mg/l) were for UC 3.5 (0.8–11.6), 3.1 (0.7–13), 2.9 (0.5–14.9), 4.9 (0.6–19.3), 4.5 (0.6–20.6) (n = 9) and 4.1 (0.5–26.2) and for CD 3.1 (0.6–32.3), 3.4 (0.5–52.2), 3.9 (0.06–49.6),

5.2 (1.4–46.7) (n = 10), 4.1 (0.5–30.6) and 3.2 (0.6–18.2). Using the micro-CRP technique, corresponding levels for days 0, 2 and 12 Selleck BAY 57-1293 were comparable with 3.5 (0.8–11.6), 2.9 (0.5–14.9) and 4.1 (0.5–26.2) for UC and 3.1 (0.6–32.3), 3.9 (0.06–49.6) and 3.2 (0.6–18.2) for CD. There

was a significant reduction (Fig. 1A) in faecal calprotectin only in patients with UC from prior to and 12 days after AndoSan™ consumption. In some patients with UC (n = 6) and CD (n = 6) who were tested 1 week after the termination of AndoSan™ consumption (day 19), the faecal calprotectin levels were still unaltered. Respective median (range) values (mg/kg) comparing days 12 and 19 were 379 (139–1678) versus 476 (128–1683) for UC and 383 (16–1272) versus 237 (16–884) for CD. In contrast to patients with IBD, three middle-aged healthy volunteers had normal initial values of 16, 16 and 19 mg/kg of faecal calprotectin that did not alter over 12 days (data not shown) when consuming same dose of AndoSan™.

Fenbendazole There were no alterations in plasma calprotectin levels of patients with IBD. Levels of plasma calprotectin (μg/l) in the three AndoSan™-consuming volunteers were also unaffected (data not shown), also with lower initial plasma values (1603, 1531 and 869 at day 0) than patients with IBD. Interestingly, the median ratio of calprotectin in plasma and faeces in patients with UC (1.8 (2229/1186)) was increased more than twofold [4.2 (1606/382)] in patients with CD and 50-fold [90 (1531/17)] in the three healthy volunteers. In blood collected from the 10 patients with UC, there was a significant reduction (40%) in MCP-1 from before (day 0) and after 12 days intake of AndoSan™ (Fig. 2D), whilst the concentration of the remaining 16 cytokines was not significantly reduced. When the collected blood from these AndoSan™-consuming patients also was stimulated ex vivo for 6 h with a low concentration of LPS (1 ng/ml) to increase cytokine release, there was a significant reduction in seven of the 17 cytokines studied (Fig. 2A–G). These cytokines (percentage reduction given in parentheses) were MIP-1β (78%), IL-6 (44%), IL-1β (41%), IL-8 (30%), G-CSF (29%), MCP-1 (18%) and GM-CSF (17%). In the 11 patients with CD (Fig.