subtilis and T. antarcticum resulting from independent colonisations of freshwater. Results and discussion Large cryptic diversity of Telonemia in marine habitats Despite the huge amount of environmental 18S rDNA SB-715992 solubility dmso sequences from numerous diversity studies available in public databases, only 33 were found to belong to Telonemia in Shalchian-Tabrizi et al. [36], all amplified Cytoskeletal Signaling inhibitor by universal eukaryotic primers. These sequences were divided into two main groups, Group 1 and Group 2, including

T. subtilis and T. antarcticum respectively [36]. Within these groups, twelve distinct sub-groups or independent phylotypes were identified, each possibly representing several species or populations. The majority of these clades were composed of sequences from single localities, suggesting a considerable geographic SN-38 manufacturer structuring of Telonemia [36]. By using group-specific primers we generated 145 18S rDNA sequences affiliated to Telonemia. No sequences from other eukaryote groups were generated. The evolutionary origin of these sequences was inferred by phylogenetic analyses of an alignment

containing a broad diversity of eukaryotic lineages (alignment 1) that included our new data and all putative Telonemia sequences downloaded from GenBank (result not shown). Hence, the group specific PCR strategy for Telonemia clearly improves our knowledge about the diversity of the group. To better resolve the phylogeny of the Telonemia sequences we removed all other eukaryote Avelestat (AZD9668) groups (except haptophytes, cryptophytes and katablepharids used as outgroups) that allowed for inclusion of more unambiguously aligned nucleotide characters (i.e. alignment 2). This phylogeny recovered Group 1 and 2, here renamed to TEL 1 and TEL 2 respectively, with high support (1.00 posterior probability (pp) and >99% bootstrap support (%); Figure 1). Furthermore at least 20 sub-groups (1a-1d and 2a-2p in Figure 1) were supported with

substantial statistical support. Several of these groups could perhaps be even further subdivided, based on the internal support values (e.g. groups 1b and 2i) but are here treated as single groups for simplicity. The naming of the groups follows that of Shalchian-Tabrizi et al. [36] and has been extended here to include the new sub-groups. Figure 1 Bayesian phylogeny showing the relationship of the Telonemia 18S rDNA sequences. Numbers at the nodes represent Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood support values respectively. Names in brackets indicate sub-groups recognized in [36] that are referred to in the text. Only values above 50/0.70 are shown and thick branches indicate full statistical support (100/1.00). Blue lines show freshwater sequences and dashed blue lines indicate possible freshwater origin. An asterisk (*) indicates that branch length has been cut in half. As previously recognized, TEL 1 contained fewer clades than TEL 2 and is here divided into 4 sub-groups.