Possible reasons for the observed low viability are the effects of the ex vivo culture itself, which may affect the engraftment of cells in vivo, and also the fact that once the cells are taken off the culture they lack the cytokines buy PD-0332991 that maintain their viability ex vivo. We had previously demonstrated for mouse and human SmartDCs engineered with IC-LVs that these cells maintained high viability in vivo after injection under the skin for about 3 weeks and substantially lower after 2 months [5] and [10]. In order to follow the fate of

the iDCs programmed with ID-LVs in vivo, we used the same experimental set up, i.e. we co-tranduced the iDCs with a IC-LV expressing the luciferase marking gene, injected the cells one day after transduction s.c. into NRG mice (n = 3) and performed sequential optical imaging analyses. Confirming our in vitro observations, the highest viability of iDCs in vivo was observed during the initial 2 weeks Selleck Everolimus after the injections. Analyses performed at later time points (30 and 90 days) showed progressive loss of the bioluminescence signal, indicating loss of viability ( Fig. 3a and b). Therefore, the use of integrase-defective LVs still conferred high viability of iDCs in vivo, albeit at a considerably lower risk of potential genotoxicity.

As a first method used to evaluate the antigen-presentation capability of the iDCs, we performed mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR, Fig. 4). PBMCs (freshly either thawed) or iDCs (differentiated in culture for 7 days) were used as antigen presenting cells (APCs) to stimulate allogeneic CD3+ T cells. APCs were co-cultured with T cells at various ratios for 6 days. Both types of iDCs stimulated T cell expansion. SmartDCs produced significantly higher levels and dose-dependent T cell stimulation than SmyleDCs (Figs. 4a and S8a and b). The levels of cytokines accumulated in the MLR culture supernatants (APC to T cell ratio 1:5) were measured by bead array. High levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α (>400 pg/ml)

were detectable in supernatants of T cells stimulated with both iDCs. In addition, several other cytokines were detectable at moderate levels (20–100 pg/ml), such as IL-2, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-6, indicating a mixed pattern of cytokines that could be produced by Th1, Th2, Th17 and Th22 cells. IL-8 was produced at high levels for all three MLR cultures (Fig. 4b). Previous studies have indicated that DCs generated with recombinant GM-CSF and IFN-α might have cytolytic activity against cells lacking class I MHC, suggesting similar function as Natural Killer (NK) cells [28]. iDCs showed no evidence of direct cytolytic activity toward K562 cells labeled with chromium after 4 h of co-culture (Fig. S5a).