Similar to other tumor types, insufficient cell death and/or excessive proliferation appears to be a major unfavorable feature of pancreatic cancer [2]. Investigations in inducing programmed cell death and deepening the understanding of molecular mechanisms may provide important value to develop new therapeutic options. Sophora flavescens ait (kushen), a traditional Chinese herb, has been used as folk medicine for many kinds of diseases. As one of the major components BIBW2992 in vitro of Sophora flavescens ait, oxymatrine has exhibited various pharmacological effects such as anti-hepatitis virus infection, anti-hepatic fibrosis, anti-inflammation,

anti-anaphylaxis and other immune-regulation [3–6]. Some previous studies have also reported anti-cancer activity of oxymatrine in human gastric cancer cells and human breast cancer cells [7, 8]. In the present study, we aim to determine the anti-cancer effect of oxymatrine on human pancreatic cancer cells and to further clarify its possible molecular mechanism. Methods Materials RPMI 1640 medium was obtained from

Gibco BRL. Newborn bovine serum was supplied by Sijiqing Biohttps://www.selleckchem.com/products/pd-1-pd-l1-inhibitor-2.html Technology Co. (Hangzhou, China). Monoclonal antibodies to Bcl-2, Bax, Bid, Bad, Bcl-x (L/S), HIAP-1, HIAP-2, XIAP, NAIP, Livin, Survivin, cytochrome c, caspase 3 and β-actin were purchased from Cell Signal, USA. Oxymatrine was purchased from the National Institute for Pharmaceutical and Biological Products, Beijing, China. The drug was dissolved in DMSO with the stock concentration of 10 mg/mL. It was further diluted in culture medium with the final DMSO concentration < 1%. 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, see more 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and propidium iodide (PI) were purchased from Sigma Chemical Corporation, USA. Cell culture Human pancreatic cancer cell lines (PANC-1, BxPC-3 and AsPC-1)

were provided by Cancer Institute of Zhejiang University. PANC-1, BxPC-3 and AsPC-1 cells were maintained in RPMI 1640 medium (Gibco BRL) supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (Si-Ji-Qing Biotechnology Co, Hangzhou, China), 100 U/mL penicillin and 100 μg/mL streptomycin at 37°C in a 5% CO2 atmosphere. Cell viability Lck assay PANC-1, BxPC-3 and AsPC-1 cells (1 × 104 in 100 μL) were seeded on 96-well plates in triplicate respectively. Following a 24-h culture at 37 °C, the medium was replaced with fresh medium containing vehicle control or various concentrations of oxymatrine in a final volume of 200 μL. Cells were incubated at 37 °C for 24 h. Then 50 μL of MTT (2 mg/mL in PBS) was added to each well, incubated for an additional 4 h, the plate was centrifuged at 1000 r/min for 10 min, then the medium was removed. The MTT formazan precipitate was dissolved in 100 μL DMSO, shaken mechanically for 10 min and then read immediately at 570 nm by a plate reader (Opsys MR, Denex Technology, USA).