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“Background

Antibiotic resistance is a serious public-health problem; reduced effectiveness of selleck chemicals antibiotics results in greater patient mortality rates, prolonged hospitalization Oxymatrine and increased healthcare costs. The economic impact of antibiotic resistance has been estimated between $5 and $24 billion annually in the United States alone [1]. Extensive use of antibiotics, especially as growth promoters, in the animal industry has resulted in strong selective pressure for the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in food animals [2–5]. In turn, animals and animal production environments have become reservoirs for antibiotic-resistant bacteria [6]. Many of these feed additive antibiotics are identical or related to those used in human medicine [7, 8]. The largest fraction of medically important antibiotics as feed additives in the USA is used in hogs (69%), compared to 19% in broiler chickens and 12% in beef cattle [9].