Depression during pregnancy is more common among women with a history of depression or a family history of

depression, those in single motherhood or with more than three children, cigarette smokers, low income earners, teenagers, and those in unsupportive social situations (Dietz et al 2007, Yonkers et al 2009). The importance of prenatal intervention is highlighted by studies showing that depression is associated with increased risk of prenatal and perinatal complications (Jablensky et al 2005, Nakano et al 2004). For example, depressed women are more likely to deliver prematurely (Field, 2011) and they often have neonates who require intensive care for postnatal complications including growth retardation and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (Chung et al 2001). Furthermore, although pregnant women typically report significantly Ribociclib concentration lower rates of tobacco, alcohol, and cannabis use than before pregnancy (Hotham et al 2008), depression increases vulnerability to caffeine, nicotine, drug, and alcohol use in pregnant women (De see more Tychey et al 2005, Field et al 2009). Depression is also associated with failure to eat well and seek prenatal

care (Yonkers et al 2009). Prenatal interventions for depressed pregnant women have included antidepressants, psychotherapy, alternative therapies, and physical activity (Field et al 2009, Rethorst et al 2009). In recent years, accumulating evidence has supported the popular belief that physical activity is associated with psychological health in pregnant women. Resminostat Guidelines from the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (Artal and O’Toole, 2003) recommend regular exercise for pregnant women, including those who are sedentary, for its

overall health benefits including improved psychological health. Physical activity during pregnancy appears to be beneficial to the maternal-foetal unit and may prevent the occurrence of maternal disorders, such as hypertension (Yeo et al 2000, Barakat et al 2009) and gestational diabetes (Dempsey et al 2004, Callaway et al 2010), as well as improving well-being and quality of life (Montoya Arizabaleta et al 2010). In addition, several studies over the last decade have reported that physical activity has few negative effects for many pregnant women (Alderman et al 1998, Artal and O’Toole, 2003, Barakat et al 2008, Barakat et al 2009). Pregnancy is a time of intense physical change and emotional upheaval in many women (Hueston and Kasik-Miller, 1998, Montoya Arizabaleta et al 2010). In addition to the obvious outward physical changes that accompany pregnancy, significant increases in mental health problems, including What is already known on this topic: Depression is common among pregnant women and is associated with increased risk of prenatal and perinatal complications.