Here we discuss empirical evidence from laboratory experiments and field studies of human interactions for each mechanism. We also consider cooperation in one-shot, anonymous interactions for which no mechanisms are apparent. We argue that this behavior reflects the overgeneralization of cooperative strategies learned in the context of direct and indirect reciprocity: we Etomoxir mouse show that automatic, intuitive responses favor cooperative strategies that reciprocate.”
“Neurophysiological evidence suggests that a specialized cortical network is involved in the visual
perception of biological motion; however, the temporal dynamics underlying this network is largely unexplored. We used magnetoencephalography to determine the spatial
distribution and task-related temporal dynamics of the oscillatory activity of random and human motion. We recorded cortical responses in healthy adults while they passively viewed point-light displays of static dots, random, and human motion. By analyzing differences in the time-frequency distributions between pairs of conditions, we found that: (a) the perception of both motion conditions resulted in a significant decrease in the alpha/beta band in the right superior occipital gyrus Nutlin-3 mouse and a significant decrease in the p band in the right insula and (b) the human motion condition was associated with specific alterations in a, p, and gamma bands with significant reductions in the a band in the right superior temporal gyrus, right precuneus, and left inferior parietal lobule, significant reductions
in the p band in the bilateral superior temporal gyrus, together with a significant increase in the gamma band in the left inferior parietal lobule and superior temporal regions. These data suggest that although the perception of both IWR-1 molecular weight random and human motion involves desynchronization of oscillatory activity in alpha and beta bands in similar cortical regions, only human motion is associated with a larger network and significant alterations in the alpha/beta band particularly in the right hemisphere. NeuroReport 23:793-798 (C) 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health vertical bar Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.”
“Sex differences to noxious thermal cutaneous stimulation were compared in Wistar rats. Mate and female rats showed similar baseline tail flick latencies. However, sex differences emerged when nociceptive testing was carried out in the setting of mild non-noxious anxiogenic stress (4 Hz vibration for 5 min). On cessation of vibration stress 16/35 (46%) of mate rats showed hyperalgesia (decrease in tail flick latency tasting >20 min) whist the reminder showed a brief (<2 min) hypoalgesia. In 15 animals re-tested the next day, stress-induced hyperalgesia was reproducible (n = 7) but the hypoalgesia initially present in 8 rats was Less stable, being reduced (n = 2) or replaced by weak hyperalgesia (n = 3) in some cases. The response of females was oestrous cycle dependent.