\n\nLimitations: We classified patients as with or without clinically significant cognitive impairment,

although deficits in different cognitive domains may not be equivalent in terms of risk of recurrence.\n\nConclusions: The results did not support the hypothesis that the experience of successive episodes is related to a progressive neurocognitive decline. On the contrary, cognitive impairment could be the cause more than the consequence of poorer clinical course. Alternatively, a specific subgroup of patients with clinically significant cognitive impairment and a progressive illness in terms of counts of recurrence and shortening of wellness intervals might explain the association showed in this study. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. AZD1480 chemical structure All rights reserved.”
“Context With the exception of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, funding support for biomedical research in the United States has slowed after a decade of doubling. However, the extent and scope of slowing are largely unknown.\n\nObjective To quantify funding of biomedical research in the United States from 2003 to 2008.\n\nDesign Publicly available data were used to quantify funding from government (federal, state, and local), private, and industry sources. Regression models were used to

compare financial trends between 1994-2003 and 2003-2007. The numbers of new drug and device approvals by the US Food and Drug Administration over the same period were also evaluated.\n\nMain Outcome NVP-HSP990 cell line Measures Funding and growth rates by source; numbers of US Food and Drug Administration approvals.\n\nResults

Biomedical research funding increased from $75.5 billion in 2003 to $101.1 billion in 2007. In 2008, funding from the National Institutes of Health and industry totaled $88.8 billion. In 2007, funding from these sources, adjusted for inflation, was $90.2 billion. Adjusted for inflation, funding from 2003 to 2007 increased by 14%, for a compound annual growth rate of 3.4%. By comparison, funding from 1994 to 2003 increased at an annual rate of 7.8% (P<.001). In 2007, industry (58%) was the largest funder, followed by the federal government (33%). Modest increase in funding was not accompanied by an increase in approvals for drugs or devices. In 2007, the United States spent an estimated 4.5% of its total health expenditures DNA Damage inhibitor on biomedical research and 0.1% on health services research.\n\nConclusion After a decade of doubling, the rate of increase in biomedical research funding slowed from 2003 to 2007, and after adjustment for inflation, the absolute level of funding from the National Institutes of Health and industry appears to have decreased by 2% in 2008. JAMA. 2010;303(2):137-143 www.jama.com”
“The usefulness of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) in research and therapeutic applications highly relies on their genomic integrity and stability.