Many bioactive constituents are present in ginseng extracts, and ginsenosides, the main constituents of ginseng, are believed to have antiallergic, antioxidant, and immune-stimulatory activities [3]. The two traditional preparations of Korean ginseng, white ginseng (WG) and red ginseng (RG), are presumed to have different bioactivities in traditional medicine. WG is produced by the sun drying of fresh ginseng, whereas RG is manufactured by steaming fresh

ginseng and then drying it to a moisture content of < 15% [4]. Many researchers have reported that Depsipeptide price the steaming process increases the bioactivity of ginseng [4], [5] and [6]. Few comparative studies have been conducted on the effects of WG Erastin cost and RG on various diseases. Asthma is a serious health problem and affects people of all ages, and its most common trigger is continuous exposure to allergens [7]. Allergic asthma is characterized by increased mucus production, reversible airway obstruction, eosinophil infiltration, and nonspecific airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) [8]. The development of asthma is mediated by the overexpression of T helper type 2 (Th2)-mediated or Th1-mediated cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, etc. [8] and [9]. However, currently available therapies cannot completely

control the symptoms of asthma, and even intensive treatment shows little effect on healthcare utilization [10]. Consequently, efforts are

required to identify new remedies, preferably of natural origin, for mitigating the effects of these immune-related disorders. P. ginseng is one of most commonly used medicinal herbs to complement the treatment of asthma, allergies, and immunologic conditions [11]. Several researchers have reported that P. ginseng ameliorates asthma in animal models [12] and [13], but to date, the effects of processing on its medicinal effects have not been studied. Therefore, in the present study, we compared the effects of Casein kinase 1 WG and RG in a mouse model of acute asthma. In previous studies we reported that herbal remedies offer potential complementary or alternative treatments and showed that the regulation of Th1/Th2 balance could provide a strategy for the treatment of respiratory diseases [14] and [15]. In this study, we investigated the effects of WG and RG on the infiltration of inflammatory cells, on airway remodeling, and on expressions of inflammation-related cytokines in an ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized mouse model of acute asthma. Seven-week-old female BALB/c mice (Daehan Biolink, Chungbuk, Korea) were housed in polypropylene cages at 24 ± 4°C under a 12 h light and dark cycle for at least 1 week prior to experiments. Animals were fed with a standard pellet diet and supplied water ad libitum.