[1] and [43]. But infection rates are just one indicator of disease burden. Although STIs are reported to have a devastating impact in Sub-saharan Africa [44], there are few reliable data to support these observations. Mortality directly linked to STIs is low, even though these infections may be responsible for an important percentage of HIV acquisition. Morbidity is

not fully evaluated. There are various types of complications, from recurrent pain associated with genital herpes symptoms, to pregnancy complications, and sterility. Data on the incidence of each type of complication are scarce. The economic, psychological and social impact of STIs is not fully documented. As STIs are associated with shame and disgrace, victims tend to hide their disease. As a consequence, the burden of STIs expressed as disability-adjusted years (DALYs) is considered by funding agencies as not high enough to deserve support www.selleckchem.com/products/AZD2281(Olaparib).html for vaccine development. The introduction of

vaccines targeting sexually transmitted infections is contentious, and STI vaccination programs for adolescents are difficult to implement and often result in low coverage. Another barrier to the perception of the STI burden and the need for a vaccine is the fact that these diseases are still thought to be easily controllable with inexpensive treatments or other interventions. Syphilis is not considered Selleck PI3K inhibitor as a candidate for vaccine development as it can be easily cured, although it is still a inhibitors prevalent disease in developing countries and has re-emerged in developed countries [1] and [45]. Approaches based on screening and treatment of chlamydia, gonorrhea and trichomonas have shown their limitations or failure, while antibiotic resistance is dramatically

increasing [1]. Gonorrhea is now resistant to almost all available antibiotics. Antivirals are effective in reducing the length and severity of HSV-2 reactivations, but they do not totally suppress viral shedding and transmission [46]. A final point: STIs are a public health problem in both developed and developing countries. But most of Resminostat the STIs are more prevalent in the poor communities of the society and in developing countries; therefore, these populations are unlikely to be able to pay for the vaccine against these infections. Emerging-country manufacturers can often create a viable business model for these low-income countries with large volume and low prices. However, STI vaccines are not on their radar screen, not due to any scientific issues, but due to the fact that there is little concern for the need for these vaccines in their markets, therefore no justification whatsoever for investment. Vaccine producers are regularly re-evaluating the interest of developing specific vaccines in the light of new data and scientific breakthroughs, and identified pulling and pushing forces.