13 ± 2.43 cmH2O, but the difference is not statistically significant.3 At 14 days, the leak point pressure of the cell-implantation group, 17.82 ± 1.31 cmH2O, is significantly higher than that of the control group, 11.78 ± 3.23 cmH2O (P < 0.05). We do not yet know the leak point pressures of healthy rabbits, and whether or not the cell-implanted rabbits have voluntary control of the restored sphincters. Clinically,

while less than 60–65 cmH2O of (abdominal) leak point pressure is one of the indexes of human stress urinary incontinence, it is not sufficient to diagnose it. Nevertheless, it is clear that increased or a high leak point pressure is helpful to inhibit urine leakage that can occur during physical activity. Therefore, Palbociclib cost cell therapy using bone

marrow-derived cells could have a great potential to reduce urinary incontinence and improve quality of life. At 7 and 14 days after cell-implantation and cell-free Etoposide mouse control injection, the urethral sphincters are analyzed by histology, cytology, and immunohistochemistry to determine if the improvement of leak point pressures is related to the recovery of muscle layers.3 At 7 days after cell-free control injection, there are few striated muscle cells, and a few clusters composed of smooth muscle cells. Among the cells that are present, few express immunohistochemically detectable levels of myoglobin or SMA (Fig. 3a,b). In contrast, at 7 days after cell Doxacurium chloride implantation, there are developing muscle layers composed of striated and clusters composed of smooth muscle cells, many of which express readily detectable levels of myoglobin and SMA (Fig. 3c,d). Seven days after implantation, myoglobin- and SMA-expressing cells account for 15 ± 3 and 7 ± 1% respectively

of the histological fields. This is significantly higher than in the cell-free injected areas, 2 ± 0.1 and 2 ± 0.2%, respectively (P < 0.01 for each). At 14 days after control cell-free injection, the regional composition of cells is similar to the 7-day control regions with relatively few cells expressing myoglobin (Fig. 3e) or SMA (Fig. 3f). In contrast, at 14 days after cell implantation, the regions have distinctly regenerated muscle layers composed of numerous striated and smooth muscle cells that are similar to the intact urethral sphincters. Many of the cells express myoglobin and form distinct striated muscle layers (Fig. 3g). These regions also have larger clusters of SMA-positive cells that are organized into smooth muscle layers (Fig. 3h) similar to the intact urethral sphincters. Fourteen days after implantation, myoglobin- and SMA-expressing cells account for 12 ± 1 and 25 ± 5% respectively of the histological fields. This is significantly higher than in the cell-free injected areas, 4 ± 1 and 6 ± 1%, respectively (P < 0.01 for each). Bone marrow-derived cells can produce cytokines and growth factors that accelerate healing in damaged tissues.