0 × 105 cells/μl. U87ΔEGFR cells (5 μl) were injected into athymic rats (F344/N-rnu/rnu; CLEA Japan, Inc, Tokyo, Japan), and U87ΔEGFR cells (2 μl) were injected into athymic mice (BALB/c-nu/nu; CLEA Japan, Inc). The animals were anesthetized and placed in stereotactic frames (Narishige, Tokyo, Japan) with their skulls exposed. Tumor cells were injected with a Hamilton syringe (Hamilton, Reno, NV) into the right frontal lobe (in the athymic rats: 4 mm lateral and 1 mm anterior to the bregma at a depth of 4 mm; in the athymic mice: 3 mm lateral and 1 mm anterior to the bregma at a depth of 3 mm),

and the syringe was withdrawn slowly after 5 minutes to prevent reflux. The skulls were then cleaned and the incision was sutured. PBS, bevacizumab (for the athymic mice and rats: 6 mg/kg), cilengitide (for the athymic mice OSI-906 and rats: 10 mg/kg), or a combination of bevacizumab and cilengitide of the same amount was administered three times per week intraperitoneally, starting on day 5 after tumor

cell implantation. Athymic rats harboring U87ΔEGFR brain tumors were killed at 18 days after tumor implantation and six times administration of PBS, bevacizumab, cilengitide, or the combination of bevacizumab and cilengitide. The brains were removed and fixed BTK inhibitor in vivo immediately by perfusion of 2% glutaraldehyde. After fixation in 2% osmium tetroxide, the samples were dehydrated and embedded in Spurr’s resin. Thin sections poststained with salts of uranium and lead were cut to approximately 60 nm using an ultramicrotome (Leica EM UC6; Leica,

Wetzlar, Germany). The samples were observed under a transmission electron microscope (Hitachi H-7650 TEM; Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan). For histopathologic analysis, athymic rats harboring U87ΔEGFR brain tumors were killed at 18 days after tumor implantation. Athymic rats before were anesthetized, killed by cardiac puncture, perfused with 100 ml of PBS, and fixed with 50 ml of 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA). The brains were removed and stored in 4% PFA for 12 to 24 hours. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining was performed as described previously [13]. For immunohistochemistry of PFA perfusion-fixed frozen sections, snap-frozen tissue samples were embedded in optimal cutting temperature compound for cryosectioning, and 16-μm-thick sections were processed for indirect immunofluorescence. After blocking non-specific binding with 10% normal goat serum, the slides were incubated overnight at 4°C with primary antibodies, including those targeting rat endothelial cell antigen 1 (RECA-1; 1:20, mouse monoclonal; Abcam, Inc, Cambridge, United Kingdom), von Willebrand factor (1:250, rabbit polyclonal; Abcam, Inc), integrin αvβ3 (1:100, mouse monoclonal; Abcam, Inc), and integrin αvβ5 (1:75, mouse monoclonal; Abcam, Inc). After three washes with PBS containing 0.

All of the studies had at least two study arms in which one group Hydroxychloroquine datasheet of patients received PI PCs, while the other received standard PCs. The participants in these trials were predominantly hemato-oncology patients who were receiving prophylactic transfusion protocols in a setting of post-chemotherapy thrombocytopenia; the study periods ranged from 28 to 56 days. One of the principal stakes of these studies rested on the definition of the primary outcome. The more

common outcome used was the change in CCI. The CCI indicates the increase in platelet count after transfusion, corrected for the number of platelets transfused and the body surface area of the recipient. This formula was originally used to define refractory state to platelet transfusion; as such, it is not an intrinsic quality parameter for platelet products [80]. CCI has the advantage of easy measurement and allows for quantitative comparisons. However, it has not been established that this measure is of clinical relevance. For example, in the PLADO study, although the CCIs were different in three groups of patients who received 1.1 × 1011, 2.2 × 1011, and 4.4 × 1011 platelets/m2, respectively, the clinical outcomes were similar [81].

The SPRINT trial was the only trial to use the bleeding score, as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO), as the primary outcome measure [77]. Other clinical criteria, such as the find more HA-1077 cell line number of PC and RBC transfusions and the time interval between two transfusions, have been used as secondary outcomes, together with the TR rate, the appearance of neoantigens, and the risk of platelet alloimmunization. In addition to how clinically relevant outcomes are defined, numerous other biases may arise in association with the methods used in the aforementioned studies. Possible pitfalls were described by Cook and Heddle in their review of the methodology

of clinical trials with patients transfused with PI-treated PCs [82]. The very characteristics of the PCs varied among the studies, making it difficult to compare the study results: platelets were obtained through apheresis or prepared from buffy coats (in Europe) or platelet-rich plasma (in the USA), the number of platelets per bag and the composition of the additive solution differed, the shelf life was variable, and the presence or absence of γ-irradiation and the transfusion threshold was substantially different from one study to another. Part of the variability may also be patient linked, although the exclusion criteria generally contained risk factors for platelet refractoriness, such as splenomegaly, HLA or HPA alloimmunization, and the presence of disseminated intravascular coagulopathy.

The correlation between soil loss and recurrence interval was best fitted by linear function on SSP and by polynomial function on LSP. Also, a higher correlation coefficient between rainfall recurrence interval and soil loss exists on SSP than on LSP. The correlation between rainfall and runoff follows the same pattern as the one between rainfall and

soil loss, though the former generally had higher correlation coefficients than the latter. Fu et al. (2011) summarized Ganetespib datasheet the studies on the relationship between soil loss and slope gradients into three categories: power functions (e.g., Zingg, 1940 and Musgrave, 1947); linear functions (e.g. McCool et al., 1987 and Liu et al., 1994); and polynomial functions (e.g. Wischmeier and Smith, 1978). Nevertheless, all of these studies have been limited to relatively gentle slopes. The following are the supplementary data to this article. To assess the relative contributions of storms with various recurrence intervals to total soil and water loss, we divided recurrence intervals into five categories: less than 1, 1–2, 2–5, 5–10 and greater than 10 years. Supplementary Table 5 listed the contributions

of each category of storms to total soil and water loss at different slope angles. On SSP, rainstorms with recurrence intervals less than 1 year contributed to an average of 9.6% of total runoff and 12.4% of total soil loss; storms with recurrence intervals greater than 2 years were responsible for 68.6% of total runoff and 69.2% of total soil loss; the single SCH772984 nmr largest rainstorm with a recurrence interval of 21.5 years contributed to 19.6% of total runoff and 31.5% of total soil loss. On LSP, storms with recurrence intervals less than one year next contributed to an average 25.4%

of total runoff and 24.8% of total soil loss; storms with recurrence intervals greater than 2 years were responsible for 66% of total runoff and 66. 1% of total soil loss; the single largest storm with a recurrence interval of 10 years produced 23.3% of total runoff and 32% of total soil loss. It is interesting to notice that the contributions of storms with recurrence intervals greater than 2 years to total runoff and soil loss were comparable between SSP and LSP. The following are the supplementary data to this article. The slope factor used in the USLE was calculated in Eq. (2) (Wischmeier and Smith, 1978): equation(2) S=65.42sinθ+4.56sinθ+0.0654S=65.4sin2θ+4.56sinθ+0.0654 The above equation was modified in RUSLE as following (McCool et al., 1987): equation(3) S=10.8sinθ+0.03, for   q<9%S=10.8sinθ+0.03, for   q<9% equation(4) Or S=16.8sinθ−0.50 for   q>9%Or S=16.8sinθ−0.50 for   q>9%Where S is slope factor and θ is slope angle in per cent. The S values calculated using the equations in USLE and RUSLE were compared with the scaled ratio based on the measured annual soil loss data on both SSP and LSP ( Fig. 7).

They read through the gist-based leaflet GSK2118436 for as long as they wanted, and completed a researcher-led comprehension test. The participant had access to the gist-based leaflet at all times. This was followed

by a brief (5–10 min) semi-structured interview (see Fig. 2 for an overview of the topic guide). The following characteristics were recorded: age, gender, marital status (married/living with partner, single/divorced/separated, widowed), English as first language (yes/no), employment (currently employed, unemployed/disabled or too ill to work, retired), education level (basic high school qualifications or less [i.e. no formal qualifications, GCSEs or basic work qualifications], advanced high school qualifications or equivalent [i.e. A-levels or advanced work qualifications], university educated), health literacy (adequate, marginal/inadequate), Quizartinib price experience with written documents (all the time, some of the time, hardly ever), previous cancer diagnosis (yes/no) and knowing someone else that has been diagnosed with cancer

(yes/no). Health literacy was assessed using the UK version of the Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults (UK-TOFHLA) [48] which has numeracy and literacy sections. The numeracy section involves tasks relating to date and time calculation, computation of medication dosage, and patient navigation. This section takes approximately 10 min to complete. The literacy section is based on the ‘cloze’ procedure. Three passages of text (instructions on how to prepare for an X-ray, eligibility for NHS prescriptions and a consent form for surgery) of increasing difficulty are given to the participant and every fifth word is missing. Where Autophagy activator a word is missing a blank line is drawn and 4 possible words that could be used are provided. This section takes approximately 12 min to complete. A score of 100 is calculated, with each section having a maximum score of 50. Scores are converted into three groups: inadequate (0–59), marginal (60–74), and adequate (75–100) health literacy [49]. The Flesch Kincaid formula [50] was used to calculate the reading

ease of the gist-based leaflet. Scores range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating greater reading ease. The readability scores for version 1, 2 and 3 were 82.1, 79.4 and 81, respectively. This corresponded to a US grade level of 4–5 (equivalent to age 9–10 years). All versions of the gist-based leaflet that were tested can be found in the supplementary online material. The primary outcome was the percentage of participants correctly responding to eight true (T) or false (F) statements about CRC and CRC screening. In line with European guidelines for medicinal package testing [51], each statement had to be answered correctly by at least 80% of participants for our leaflet to be deemed legible, clear, and easy to read.

In Experiment FB (top-left panel), TT is generally lower by 0.2–0.8 °C throughout the tropics, except for the strong localized warmings off the Central America and Baja California and the weak warming in the southeastern Pacific. In the regional experiments, locally-generated δTδT’s tend http://www.selleckchem.com/products/dabrafenib-gsk2118436.html to be dominated by negative signals because T0zzT0zz tends to be negative above the pycnocline (Section 3.2.2; Fig. 4b). As discussed above, the locally-generated signals converge to the equator and propagate eastward along it. In the eastern-equatorial Pacific (EEPO), the

pycnocline rises near the surface so that upper-pycnocline water impacts TT there. Therefore, the part of the remotely-generated signals that impact δTδT in the EEPO are those that lie on the upper pycnocline. As a single measure of the impact of δκbδκb in the EEPO, we use δTδT averaged over the Niño-3 region ( δTN3;150°W– 90°W,5°S– 5°N). For solution FB, δTN3=-0.35°C. Individual contributions of the regional solutions to equatorial δTδT differ considerably, owing to the different, local, background

temperature and salinity Quizartinib datasheet structures that generate them and their different ways of propagation. The largest contributions to negative δTN3δTN3 come from Solutions ESE and ENE (bottom and upper-middle right panels of Fig. 9), a consequence of their forcing regions having the largest overlap with the Niño-3 region. Interestingly, negative contributions from Solution EQE and EQW are much smaller, because the locally forced negative anomaly is balanced by the underlying, positive one that rises into the upper 50 m there (Fig. 8b). The contributions from Solutions ESW and ENW (bottom and upper-middle left panels of Fig. 9) are small because their near-surface, negative dynamical signals do not much propagate

to the eastern equatorial Pacific, and their positive dynamical signals partially cancel their negative spiciness signals (right panels of Fig. B.3b and Fig. B.4b). In Solutions NE (top-right panel of Fig. 9) and NW (not shown), there is a systematic warming   of TT in the EEPO, a consequence of the dynamical, warming signal rising to the surface there ( Fig. 7b and Fig. B.2b). In contrast, in Solutions SE and SW (not shown) δTδT in the EEPO is weak because Hydroxychloroquine purchase their positive dynamical signal is balanced by a strong negative spiciness signal ( Fig. 6b and Fig. B.1b). The contribution from Solution SE is weakly negative because the negative spiciness signal dominates, and that from SW is weakly positive because the spiciness is somewhat weaker and dynamical signal is somewhat stronger ( Appendix B.1). It was surprising to us that the contributions to equatorial TT differ so much among the regional solutions, and that altogether they tend to cool, rather than warm, TT in the EEPO.

Twenty five (26%) of 95 patients showed EGFR mutation-positive disease assessed by Scorpion ARMS. This 26% detection rate was lower than in the EURTAC study (58 [53%] of 109 serum samples) [4], and seemed to be insufficient for the screening test. However, although low detection rates were seen in serum samples, both studies showed high concordance (∼100%) between serum and tumor samples at baseline. Thus, we cannot make definitive conclusions regarding the utility of serum samples as EGFR mutation assessment specimens. This study indicates that early, local testing of EGFR mutation status is feasible and

can reliably identify patients with EGFR mutation-positive NSCLC. The reported PFS in this study of Japanese NSCLC patients was 11.8 months with first-line erlotinib treatment, which is comparable to PFS LEE011 supplier outcomes seen with this agent in other EGFR mutation-positive populations, confirming that erlotinib can provide a good PFS benefit in this subgroup. Erlotinib was generally well tolerated, although 6 (of 103) patients reported ILD/ILD-like events and 5 were confirmed by an extramural committee, confirming

that ILD remains a risk with EGFR TKI treatment Selleckchem ABT 737 in Japanese patients. Continued monitoring for symptoms of ILD and prompt action on diagnosis is recommended. Despite this, the efficacy and manageable safety profile demonstrated by erlotinib in this study confirms that erlotinib should be recommended for the first-line treatment of Japanese NSCLC patients with EGFR mutation-positive disease. This trial was designed, funded by and monitored by Chugai Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Data were collected, analyzed and interpreted by Chugai with input from the authors and investigators. The initial draft of the manuscript was reviewed and commented on by all authors and by employees else of Chugai.

The corresponding author was provided data from Chugai and took full responsibility for the final decision to submit the paper. K. Goto, M. Nishio, M. Maemondo, T. Seto, and T. Tamura have received lecture fees from Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. N. Katakami has previously received payment from Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. for writing or reviewing manuscripts. T. Fukuyama is an employee of Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. All remaining authors have declared no conflicts of interest. The authors would like to thank all participating physicians, registered patients, the independent review committee members, and Joanna Salter from Gardiner-Caldwell Communications for medical writing assistance. Medical writing assistance was funded by Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. “
“Lung cancer is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer among both men and women in the United States (US) and is the leading cause of cancer deaths in both genders [1]. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) constitutes 80–85% of all lung cancers [2].

Em caso de suspeita clínica deverá ser enviado material para citobloco ou ser utilizadas agulhas que permitem obter fragmentos de biopsia. O carcinoma de células acinares representa 1% das neoplasias sólidas do pâncreas, atingindo tipicamente homens na 6.a ou 7.a décadas da vida. Apresenta-se, habitualmente, como uma massa volumosa localizada no corpo ou cauda, encapsulada e com um padrão de crescimento que pode ser acinar ou sólido.

O diagnóstico depende da presença de grânulos de zimogénio (coloração ácido periódico Schiff [PAS]) e análise imuno-histoquímica com marcação para a tripsina, quimiotripsina, lipase, amilase e fosfolipase A255. As células tumorais podem produzir marcadores que mimetizam os TNE, conduzindo frequentemente a erros diagnósticos56. Em aproximadamente 1% dos casos, as neoplasias sólidas ressecadas correspondem a metástases pancreáticas, Roxadustat ic50 mais frequentemente CH5424802 solubility dmso de tumores do rim (carcinoma de células renais), mas também

do pulmão, mama, cólon, melanoma, sarcoma e ovário57. Estas lesões podem aparecer vários anos após o diagnóstico do tumor primário, pelo que devem ser sempre consideradas quando há antecedentes de neoplasia maligna. A ecomorfologia é muito variada, podendo corresponder a lesões de natureza sólida e/ou quística, com ecogenicidade variável, muitas vezes hipervasculares, e podem apresentar-se na forma de uma lesão única, localizada preferencialmente no segmento da cabeça, lesões múltiplas ou com um padrão de infiltração difusa58. A PAAF-EE contribui, geralmente, para o diagnóstico definitivo. Nos últimos anos, tem vindo a ser discutida a implementação de um programa de rastreio para os indivíduos com risco familiar de carcinoma pancreático (história familiar,

síndrome de Peutz-Jeghers, Familial Atypical Multiple Mole Melanoma Syndrome, mutações no gene BRCA2, síndrome de Lynch, pancreatite hereditária), eventualmente baseado na EE, tendo em conta a elevada acuidade desta técnica na cAMP avaliação do pâncreas e ao fato de não utilizar radiação ionizante. Contudo, a evidência que suporta o rastreio e vigilância nestes indivíduos de elevado risco é limitada a estudos observacionais, permanecendo por determinar a efetividade desta estratégia em termos clínicos e económicos 59, 60 and 61. Além disso, não há consenso quanto à idade em que se deve iniciar a vigilância, ao intervalo ótimo entre as avaliações, bem como aos métodos de imagem a utilizar. A abordagem das várias lesões que possam ser identificadas (vigilância versus cirurgia) constitui, igualmente, um grande desafio. No momento atual, o rastreio do carcinoma pancreático em indivíduos de elevado risco só deverá ser realizado em centros especializados, sob orientação de equipas multidisciplinares e preferencialmente no contexto de protocolos de investigação 62. As lesões quísticas do pâncreas são, muitas vezes, detetadas de forma incidental, estimando-se uma prevalência acima de 3% nos estudos por TC e de 20% por RM63, 64 and 65.

Few people expressed willingness to work as maintenance staff because they felt that the NP did not pay enough and also that it was demeaning work. Referring to Mu Koh Surin, one participant told us: “The NP pays them 100 baht per day to cook, clean and run boat service. It is not enough.” In addition, some participants saw Ku-0059436 datasheet the maintenance positions as undignified: “Maybe in 20 to 30 years, I will be collecting garbage like the Moken on Surin. Assets form the basis of livelihoods. Livelihood assets were felt to be influenced by the NMPs in two ways. First, the policies, institutions and processes of the NMPs directly influenced access to assets. Second, livelihood outcomes could further

support or undermine future access to assets. For example, the wealth earned from click here tourism development could promote further local development and gains or be centralized with a wealthy external elite. Due to length restrictions, it is beyond the purview of the current paper to provide

specific narratives or examples but an overview of perceptions of how livelihood resources are impacted by the NMP is provided in Table 4. In summation, while NMPs are perceived to undermine access to resources necessary for traditional livelihoods, it appears that DNP and NMP managers do not consider adequately the means (assets) that are required to ensure that locals benefit from alternative livelihoods. For example, according to community respondents DNP management and policies fail to consider local values and development needs, support local capacity building, or promote local businesses. Qualitative and quantitative perceptions of participants differed on the perceived conservation outcomes of the

NMPs, particularly regarding the marine environment. It was agreed across all sites that terrestrial Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase conservation was part of the mandate of the DNP. However, qualitative perceptions of the effectiveness of terrestrial conservation differed amongst areas. Interviewees in villages in Mu Koh Ranong and Ao Phang Nga NMPs all thought that the national park would result in protection of forested areas on the islands. Conversely, the majority of interview participants near the proposed Koh Rah-Koh Phrathong NMP believed that the national park would not protect the forested area effectively. This belief was alleged to be true for two reasons: there would be encroachment by outside businessmen for plantations and there would be illegal logging and hunting by the protected area superintendents and managers. Interviews revealed widespread confusion about whether the DNP mandate included the protection or management of the marine environment. Many interviewees expressed sentiments such as “The islands are under DNP, but there is no control over the sea” or “If there were new rules, we would know”.

horneri distribution in February were 18 °C and 1 °C, respectively. We suppose the water temperature ranges STA-9090 of S. horneri localities along the coasts facing the Sea of Japan and the Pacific Ocean do not change in the future. These ranges are applied for estimation of its geographical distribution and compared with surface water temperatures in February and August in 2000. Water temperature ranges of S. horneri distributions along the coast facing the Pacific Ocean and that facing the Sea of Japan and East China Sea were obtained. These ranges were applied to

predict future geographical distribution of S. horneri in 2050 and 2100 based on surface water temperatures in February and August. Umezaki (1984) reported that S. tenuifolium were distributed from Ryukyu Archipelago to Kii Peninsula facing the Pacific Ocean. Water temperature ranges in February and August were between

17 °C and 21 °C and between 27 °C and 29 °C, respectively. Thus, we suppose that the northern and southern limits are defined by the surface water temperatures in winter and summer that correspond to the minimum and maximum surface water temperatures. There are six scenarios of global warming from A to F models of Dapagliflozin manufacturer CO2 emission concerning human activities. The A2 scenario family describes a very heterogeneous world. The underlying theme is self-reliance and preservation of local identities (IPCC, 2000). Fertility patterns across regions converge very slowly, which results in continuously increasing global population. Economic development is primarily regionally oriented Sclareol and per capita economic growth and technological change are more fragmented and slower than in other storylines. A2 scenario is classified into moderate emission of CO2 and closes to a realistic situation of the world. Thus, we adopted this scenario.

We selected finer grid models of A2 scenario that had data of adjacent seas of the northwestern Pacific (Table 1). These data were downloaded from the site of WCRP CMIP3 Multi-Model Data (https://esg.llnl.gov:8443/index.jsp). Proper grid data in February and August of each dataset were averaged for ten years to remove yearly variations and to obtain more steady conditions around 2000, 2050 and 2100. Then averaged data were transformed to fit the narrowest model with a grid consisting of about longitude of 1.1° and latitude of 0.55° by interpolating the data to values at the grid point intervals. These averaged data of each dataset for ten years were pooled and averaged to obtain mean water temperature at the grid points in February and August in 2000, 2050 and 2100. Based on surface water temperature ranges of S. horneri and S. tenuifolium localities ( Umezaki, 1984), we estimate geographical distributions of S. horneri and S. tenuifolium using surface monthly mean surface water temperatures in 2000, 2050 and 2100. According to Umezaki, 1984, Tseng, 2000 and Hu et al., 2011, spatial distribution of S. horneri was obtained.

In the diseased sites, a mean proximal peri-implant loss of 4.2 ± 1.2 mm and a mean proximal periodontal bone loss of 4.9 ± 0.8 mm MEK inhibitor were observed. The comparative frequency of target bacterial species among peri-implant or periodontal clinical statuses is described in Table 3. The pattern of bacterial frequency observed

was not as expected, i.e. peri-implantitis > mucositis > health. Except for P. intermedia, which did not differ among implant groups (p > 0.05), the additional bacterial species showed higher frequency in peri-implantitis than healthy implant sites (p < 0.05). However, when bacterial frequencies between peri-implantitis and mucositis were compared, similarities (p > 0.05; for C. rectus, A. actinomycetemcomitans, T. forsythia and T. denticola) were more evident than differences this website (p < 0.05; for P. gingivalis and simultaneous presence of red complex species). Considering periodontal samples, a higher frequency of P. intermedia, P. gingivalis, T. forsythia, T. denticola, A. actinomycetemcomitans and simultaneous presence of red complex species was observed in periodontitis group when compared to gingivitis and health (p < 0.05). Contrary to peri-implant findings (peri-implantitis

vs. mucositis) the periodontal bacterial frequency pattern was different between periodontitis and gingivitis. Except for C. rectus (p > 0.05), the other bacteria frequencies were significantly lower in gingivitis than periodontitis (p < 0.05). Finally, Adenosine triphosphate T. forsythia and T. denticola showed the expected pattern of frequency, i.e. periodontitis > gingivitis > health (p < 0.05). A second analysis was performed by comparing the frequency of each bacterial species between similar

periodontal and peri-implant clinical status (healthy peri-implant vs. healthy periodontal sites, mucositis vs. gingivitis and peri-implantitis vs. periodontitis; Fig. 1, Fig. 2 and Fig. 3, respectively). An overall tendency towards higher frequency of bacteria was observed for periodontal sites, especially in periodontitis ones. The frequencies of C. rectus and T. forsythia were higher in periodontal health and gingivitis when compared to peri-implant health and mucositis, respectively ( Fig. 1 and Fig. 2, p < 0.05). On the contrary, when the supportive tissues were involved, dissimilarities were more evident between implants and teeth. The frequencies of P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans were similar between periodontitis and peri-implantitis (p > 0.05) while the frequencies of all other bacterial species and red complex species were higher in periodontitis than peri-implantitis ( Fig. 3, p < 0.05). The disequilibrium between host-compatible and pathogenic microorganisms of the oral cavity plays an important role in the ethiopathogenesis of several oral diseases including periodontitis.