Our purpose is LY2835219 concentration to outline caries risk assessment and management for the prosthodontic patient. “
“Purpose: To study luminescence, reflectance, and color stability of dental composites and ceramics. Materials and Methods: IPS e.max, IPS Classic, Gradia, and Sinfony materials were tested, both unpolished (as-cast) and polished specimens. Coffee, tea, red wine, and distilled water (control) were used as staining drinks. Disk-shaped specimens were soaked in the staining drinks for up to 5 days. Color was measured by a colorimeter. Fluorescence was recorded using a

spectrofluorometer, in the front-face geometry. Time-resolved fluorescence spectra were recorded using a laser nanosecond spectrofluorometer. Results: The exposure of the examined dental materials to staining drinks caused changes in color of the composites and ceramics, with the polished specimens exhibiting significantly lower color changes as Rapamycin chemical structure compared to unpolished specimens. Composites

exhibited lower color stability as compared to ceramic materials. Water also caused perceptible color changes in most materials. The materials tested demonstrated significantly different initial luminescence intensities. Upon exposure to staining drinks, luminescence became weaker by up to 40%, dependent on the drink and the material. Time-resolved luminescence spectra exhibited some red shift of the emission band at longer times, with the lifetimes in the range of tens of nanoseconds.

Conclusions: Unpolished specimens with a more developed surface have lower color stability. Specimens stored in water develop some changes in their visual appearance. The presently proposed methods are effective in evaluating Glutathione peroxidase the luminescence of dental materials. Luminescence needs to be tested in addition to color, as the two characteristics are uncorrelated. It is important to further improve the color and luminescence stability of dental materials. “
“The aim of this review was to assess research methods used to determine the fracture toughness of Y-TZP ceramics in order to systematically evaluate the accuracy of each method with regard to potential influencing factors. Six databases were searched for studies up to April 2013. The terms “tough*,” “critical stress intensity factor,” “zirconi*,” “yttri*,” “dent*,” “zirconia,” “zirconium,” and “stress” were searched. Titles and abstracts were screened, and literature that fulfilled the inclusion criteria was selected for a full-text reading. Test conditions with potential influence on fracture toughness were extracted from each study. Ten laboratory studies met the inclusion criteria. There was a significant variation in relation to test method, ambient conditions, applied/indentation load, number of specimens, and geometry and dimension of the specimen.

17, 18 Also, the TACE technique used at the Medical University of Innsbruck (validation cohort) has been reported.19 More information is outlined in the Supporting Methods section. Both institutions used a treatment on demand TACE schedule Alectinib datasheet and no TACE session was performed in the presence of complete radiologic response. The study design is provided in Fig. 2. Patient characteristics prior to the first and second TACE are presented with descriptive statistics. The chi-squared test (Fisher’s exact test) was used to compare quantitative outcome between

groups. OS was defined as the time from the day prior to the second TACE session until death or last follow-up. Survival curves were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Median survival times (OS) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) are reported. The log-rank test was used to assess the effects of patient

variables (pre-TACE 1 and pre-TACE 2) as well as tumor response variables and variables representing worsening of liver function (between TACE-1 and TACE-2) on OS. The effect of continuous variables (e.g., AST, ALT, γGT etc.) on OS was assessed for each variable by forming four groups at its quartiles. When the respective log-rank test was significant, a spline-based approach was applied to assess the functional form of the variable on OS.20 Based on this graphical representation a clinically sensible and applicable transformation of the respective variable was chosen. Variables with P < 0.05 in the univariate analysis were entered PS-341 solubility dmso as candidate variables into a stepwise Cox regression model (conditional backward selection). The regression coefficients of the Cox regression model were multiplied by 2 and rounded in order to obtain easy to use point numbers facilitating the bedside calculation of the ART score. To avoid overoptimistic results due to model fitting and evaluation in the same dataset, we evaluated the prognostic performance of the ART score in an independent

external validation cohort. All reported P-values are results of two-sided tests. A significance level of 0.05 was applied throughout. Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS v. 20.0 (SPSS, Sunitinib solubility dmso Armonk, NY) and SAS 9.3 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC). AFP, alpha-fetoprotein; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; ART, Assessment for Retreatment with TACE; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BCLC, Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer; CR, complete response; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; HR, hazard ratio; PD, progressive disease; OLT, orthotopic liver transplantation; OS, overall survival; RFA, radiofrequency ablation; SD, stable disease; TACE, transarterial chemoembolization. Patient characteristics of both cohorts prior to the first and second TACE are shown in Table 1.

66 Endoscopically guided sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG) blockade has been evaluated by Felisati et al for CH treatment.67 Of 20 refractory CCH patients who underwent the procedure, 11 experienced significant, albeit temporary, symptom relief. Peripheral nerve stimulation may be effective and indicated for the prophylactic therapy of CCH patients who are refractory or intolerant to medication therapy. Several small studies have now shown occipital

nerve stimulation (ONS) to be a promising therapy for such patients. Eight patients with drug-resistant CCH, treated with unilateral ONS, were followed for an average of 15.1 months.68 At the time of last follow-up, 2 of 8 patients were pain free, 3 had a ∼90% reduction in headache

frequency, 2 had ∼40% reduction, and 1 patient derived no PD0325901 nmr benefit. Two patients had side-shift of their cluster attacks requiring treatment with suboccipital steroid injection. Complications included electrode migration (n = 1), lead Tipifarnib displacement after a fall (n = 1), and thoracic discomfort or tingling (n = 2). Bilateral ONS was investigated in 8 patients with medically intractable CH.69 At median follow-up of 20 months, subjective self-assessment of benefit was graded as substantial (≥90%) in 2 patients, moderate (≥40%) in 3, mild (≥25%) in 1, and nil in 2 patients. Six patients reported that they would recommend the use of ONS to other similar cluster patients. Complications, affecting 4 of the patients, included: excessive pain at incision site (n = 1), electrode migration (n = 3), electrode fracture (n = 1), and shock-like sensation because of kinking of wires (n = 1). In 2009, results from extended follow-up of these 8 patients and an additional 6 patients treated with bilateral ONS were reported.70 At a median follow-up of 17.5 months, 10 of 14 patients reported improvement, including 3 with >90% improvement, 3 with 40–60% improvement, and 4 with 20–30% improvement. Nine patients RG7420 supplier stated that they would recommend ONS to other patients. Complications/AEs included lead migration, painful paresthesias, muscle

recruitment, neck stiffness, skin pain, and infection. Mean battery life was 15.1 months. The SPG stimulation may also be an effective treatment for refractory CH. Five patients with CCH, refractory to more conventional therapies, were treated with SPG stimulation during 18 acute cluster attacks.71 Stimulation resulted in complete attack resolution for 11 of the attacks, greater than 50% reduction in pain severity without complete resolution for 3 attacks, and minimal to no relief for 4 attacks. Benefits from stimulation were noted within 1 minute to 3 minutes of treatment initiation. Stimulation was well tolerated with only mild AEs from stimulator placement, including transient epistaxis and transient mild facial pain. Further investigations of SPG stimulation for the acute and prophylactic therapy of CH are needed.

The enhanced susceptibility of TMPRSS2-wild type Huh7-25-CD81 cells was confirmed by knockdown of TMPRSS2 using small interfering

RNA. The cell surface protease activity of TMPRSS2-wild type cells was markedly active in the cleavage of QAR and QGR, corresponding to amino acid residues at P3 to P1. Conclusion: The cell surface activity of a trypsin-like serine protease, such as TMPRSS2, activates HCV infection at the post-binding and entry stage. Host transmembrane serine proteases may be involved in the sensitivity, Nutlin-3a mw persistence and pathogenesis of HCV infection and be possible targets for anti-viral therapy. (Hepatology 2014) “
“Genetic polymorphisms in DNA repair genes may influence individual variations in DNA repair capacity, and this may be associated with the risk and outcome of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) related to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) exposure. In this study, we focused on the polymorphism of xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group C (XPC) codon 939 (rs#2228001), which is involved in nucleotide excision repair. We conducted

a case-control study including 1156 HCC cases and 1402 controls without any evidence of hepatic disease to evaluate the associations between this polymorphism and HCC risk and prognosis in the Guangxi population. AFB1 DNA adduct levels, XPC genotypes, and XPC protein levels were tested with a comparative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, TaqMan polymerase Anti-infection Compound Library chemical structure chain reaction for XPC genotypes, and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Higher AFB1 exposure was observed among HCC patients versus the control group [odds ratio (OR) = 9.88 for AFB1 exposure years and OR = 6.58 for AFB1 exposure

levels]. The XPC codon 939 Gln alleles significantly increased HCC risk [OR = 1.25 (95% confidence interval = 1.03-1.52) for heterozygotes of the XPC codon 939 Lys and Gln alleles (XPC-LG) and OR = 1.81 (95% confidence interval = 1.36-2.40) for homozygotes of the XPC codon 939 Gln alleles (XPC-GG)]. Significant interactive effects between genotypes and AFB1 exposure status were also observed Ergoloid in the joint-effects analysis. This polymorphism, moreover, was correlated with XPC expression levels in cancerous tissues (r = −0.369, P < 0.001) and with the overall survival of HCC patients (the median survival times were 30, 25, and 19 months for patients with homozygotes of the XPC codon 939 Lys alleles, XPC-LG, and XPC-GG, respectively), especially under high AFB1 exposure conditions. Like AFB1 exposure, the XPC codon 939 polymorphism was an independent prognostic factor influencing the survival of HCC. Additionally, this polymorphism multiplicatively interacted with the xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group D codon 751 polymorphism with respect to HCC risk (ORinteraction = 1.71).

We sought to establish the role of MERTK and determine its candidacy as an immunotherapeutic target to reverse immuneparesis in ACLF. Methods: Patients with ACLF (n=30), cirrhosis (CLD; n=8) and healthy controls (HC; n=14) were studied. Immunophenotyping and LPS-induced TNF/IL-6 production were assessed by flow cytometry. Plasma Gas-6 levels were measured by ELISA (Abnova). Immunohistochemistry and multispectral imaging was done on liver (n=6 each) and mesenteric lymph nodes (n=1 each)

from ACLF and CLD patients undergoing transplantation. Monocyte phenotype was assessed following migration across hepatic endothelial monolayers into collagen plugs (HC, n=4;ACLF, n=5). MERTK inhibitor UNC569 (Millipore) was used. Purified HC derived monocytes were conditioned with ACLF plasma (n=9 patients) for 16h prior to MERTK progestogen antagonist inhibition. Results: Compared to HC and CLD, there was a marked expansion of circulating MERTK positive monocytes (MERTK+) in ACLF (mean 5.9/3.5vs.26.5%,p<0.0001/p<0.001). Levels of the MERTK ligand Gas-6 were increased (633vs.3203pg/ml,p<0.01). MERTK+ monocytes in ACLF revealed an anti-inflammatory www.selleckchem.com/products/RO4929097.html (CD163high,CX3CR1low,HLA-DRlow), lymph node homing (CCR7high) phenotype. Pro-inflammatory responses to LPS

challenge (TNF(mean MFI):14664vs.5496,p=0.0014) were attenuated. Culture of monocytes in ACLF compared to HC plasma expanded the number of MERTK+, anti-inflammatory, LPS-tol-erant cells (82.6vs.42.0%,p=0.0021). Compared to CLD, multispectral analysis of ACLF tissue

revealed a MERTK+ infiltrate within hepatic sinusoids (33.8vs.105.3/10HPF,p<0.01) and subcaspular/medullary areas of mesenteric lymph nodes (23vs.309/10HPF). Following migration across the endothe-lium a significant increase in MERTK+ monocytes was detected in ACLF compared to HC (75.8%vs.63.3%,p=0.01). Remarkably, inhibition of MERTK signalling significantly increased HLA-DR expression (p=0.0225) and improved GPX6 LPS-induced TNF production (p=0.0078). Conclusions: We have identified the presence and marked expansion of a novel immunoregulatory monocyte/mφ subset that suppresses innate immune responses to microbial challenge in patients with ACLF. Thus, MERTK provides a promising immunotherapeutic target to reverse immune-paresis and susceptibility to infection in ACLF. Disclosures: William Bernal – Consulting: Vital Therapies Inc Michael A. Heneghan – Speaking and Teaching: Falk Nigel Heaton – Advisory Committees or Review Panels: Novartis, Roche; Speaking and Teaching: Astellas Mark R. Thursz – Advisory Committees or Review Panels: Gilead, BMS, Abbott Laboratories Julia Wendon – Consulting: Pulsion, Excalenz The following people have nothing to disclose: Christine Bernsmeier, Oltin T. Pop, Evangelos Triantafyllou, Chris J. Weston, Stuart M. Curbishley, Vishal C.

Considered on a daily basis, cell concentration increased roughly exponentially up to the bloom peak, but closer inspection revealed that the increases generally occurred when the direction of water flow was into the estuary, suggesting the source

of the bloom was offshore. “
“The idea that evolutionary models should minimize plastid endosymbioses has dominated Lumacaftor nmr thinking about the history of eukaryotic photosynthesis. Although a reasonable starting point, this framework has not gained support from observed patterns of algal and plant evolution, and can be an obstacle to fully understanding the modern distribution of plastids. Empirical data indicate that plastid losses are extremely uncommon, that major changes in plastid biochemistry/architecture are evidence of an endosymbiotic event, and that comparable selection pressures can lead to remarkable convergences in algae with different endosymbiotic origins. Such empirically based generalizations can provide a more realistic philosophical framework for interpreting complex and often contradictory results from phylogenomic investigations of algal evolution. “
“The volvocine green algal genus Volvox includes ∼20 species with diverse sizes (in terms of both diameter and cell number), morphologies, and developmental programs. INK 128 mouse Two suites of characters are shared among distantly related

lineages within Volvox. The traits characteristic

of all species of Volvox—large (>500) numbers of small somatic cells, much smaller numbers of reproductive cells, and oogamy in sexual reproduction—have three O-methylated flavonoid or possibly four separate origins. In addition, some species have evolved a suite of developmental characters that differs from the ancestral developmental program. Most multicellular volvocine algae, including some species of Volvox, share an unusual pattern of cell division known as palintomy or multiple fission. Asexual reproductive cells (gonidia) grow up to many times their initial size and then divide several times in rapid succession, with little or no growth between divisions. Three separate Volvox lineages have evolved a reduced form of palintomy in which reproductive cells are small and grow between cell divisions. In each case, these changes are accompanied by a reduction in the rate of cell division and by a requirement of light for cell division to occur. Thus, two suites of characters—those characteristic of all Volvox species and those related to reduced palintomy—have each evolved convergently or in parallel in lineages that diverged at least 175 million years ago (mya). “
“Four clonal cultures of the unarmored dinoflagellate Takayama acrotrocha (J. Larsen) de Salas, Bolch et Hallegraeff were established from Singapore coastal water on October 20, 2004, and January 1, 2007, for a HAB monitoring project.

The aim of this study is to screen and identify the human colon cancer vessel specific binding peptides using phage display peptide library by optimizing the screening strategies and procedures. Methods: The subrenal capsular xenograft model bearing colon cancer in immunosuppressed mice and in vitro endothelial cell-colon cancer cell co-culture model were established. Three rounds of in vivo screening in tumor-bearing mice and two rounds of screening in Co-HUVECs were performed in the phage display peptide library.

Randomly, 40 clones were selected to further analyze using sequencing. The abilities of homing and Co-HUVECs binding of positive phage were identified using in vivo binding assay, enzyme Selumetinib concentration linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunochemical staining. The effect of synthesized peptides on phage binding ability was evaluated Ferrostatin-1 using competitive binding

assay. Finally, the binding specificities of peptides to Co-HUVECs and the blood vessel of colon cancer were determined using immunofluorescence assay. Results: 38 clones were correctly verified using sequencing, and 5 types of amino acid sequences were obtained, named Pep1-5. And the corresponding phages were named as Ph1-5. Ph 1, 3, 4 and 5 can specifically home to the xenograft of human colon cancer, and the binding activities of Ph 1, 4 and 4��8C 5 to Co-HUVECs were significantly higher than that to HUVECs. Ph5 presented the highest binding

activities. Pep5 can specifically inhibited Ph5 homing to colon cancer xenograft and the binding to Co-HUVECs. FITC-Pep5 can specifically bind to Co-HUVECs and human colon cancer vessel. Conclusion: Three colon cancer vessel specific peptides, Pep1, 4 and 5, were obtained, and Pep5 presented the highest binding specificity. Ph5 can specifically bind to Co-HUVECs, and Pep5 mediated the binding to Co-HUVECs. Pep5 can specifically bind to colon cancer vessel, and this provided novel candidate molecules for colon cancer vascular target therapy. Key Word(s): 1. Colon cancer; 2. phage display; 3. angiogenesis; 4. peptide; Presenting Author: ANTHONY AU Additional Authors: SITI NURFATIMAH SHAHPUDIN, AHMAD AIZATABDUL AZIZ, AMINUDINMOHD MUSTAPHA, RAVINDRAN ANKATHIL Corresponding Author: ANTHONY AU Affiliations: universiti sains malaysia Objective: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a multifactorial disease that occurs due to dietary and lifestyle habits, increasing age and inherited genetic predisposition.

1a,b). When the absolute value of asymmetry was used in our analyses instead of the signed differences, the UV chroma – body condition correlation became significant (P = 0.049). In short, individuals with higher throat UV chroma showed higher levels of left-biased directional asymmetry and were of worse body condition. We found no relationship between blue chroma and the explanatory variables

(Table 1). Finally, total brightness was positively associated with relative head size (Head PC corrected for SVL) and SVL, and negatively with ectoparasite load (Table 1, Fig. 1c–e). Individuals with brighter throats were larger with relatively larger heads and had lower ectoparasite load than their conspecifics with duller throats. The year effect was significant in all three colour variables (all P < 0.011). We showed that different Doramapimod cell line components of the throat coloration of male European green lizards are indeed connected to different individual traits. Males with high UV reflectance exhibited high level of directional asymmetry in their femoral pores and tended to have lower body condition. Individuals with high total brightness were larger, had relatively large heads and a lower ectoparasite load. Blue chroma was not related to any of the studied explanatory variables. All colour traits showed significant

annual variation. As such, our results suggest that the nuptial throat colour of male European green lizards is a complex multiple trait with different components signalling different information, and is most likely influenced by the environment. In previous BYL719 studies, we demonstrated that female European green lizards prefer males with high UV chroma (Bajer et al., 2010) and males with high UV chroma are likely to ADP ribosylation factor win aggressive encounters (Bajer et al., 2011). Hence, UV chroma is a sexually selected trait. We found a positive correlation between directional asymmetry in femoral pores and UV chroma. The evolutionary and developmental background of directional asymmetry is hard to understand without targeted experiments; it is usually interpreted as an adaptive trait (e.g.

Palmer, 2004), but it can also be a result of stress (Lens & Van Dongen 2000) or a by-product of genetic change (Bell, Khalef & Travis, 2007). In our case, where we found that femoral pore directional asymmetry is positively correlated to UV chroma – which is under positive sexual selection (Bajer et al., 2010, 2011) – we think that femoral pore directional asymmetry is adaptive. For instance, it can be a sign of ‘handedness’ during depositing femoral secretions, which transfer important information in our species (Kopena et al., 2011), similarly to what is observed in snake hemipenis use (Shine et al., 2000). However, it has been shown in other lacertids that females prefer secretion of males with symmetric femoral pores (Martin & Lopez, 2000), so the information content of femoral pore asymmetry in male L.

The Neo specific probe was generated by using primers MG3159 and MG3160 to amplify a 542-bp fragment of Neo. PCR products were purified (Qiaquick; Qiagen) and 25 ng of template was labeled with 32P-dCTP using random oligonucleotides (Roche). Labeled probes were purified (Qiaquick; Qiagen) prior to hybridization. Four μg of isolated genomic DNA was digested overnight with AflII (NEB) at 37°C and electrophoresed on a 0.7%

TAE agarose gel. Following acid depurination, the genomic digests were then transferred to a positively charged nylon membrane (Zeta-Probe; BioRad) by alkaline transfer in 0.4M NaOH. The membrane was prehybridized at 63°C in Church buffer with 150 μg/mL fish sperm sodium salt (Amresco) for 60 minutes. selleckchem For both Fah and Neo blots, the membranes were hybridized overnight in Church Pirfenidone supplier buffer with the 32P-labeled probe at 63°C. Membranes were subsequently washed in successive baths of 2×, 1×, and 0.1× SSC with 0.1% SDS at 63°C for 10 minutes each. Membranes

were developed by autoradiography for 2-7 days (BioMax MS; Kodak). Porcine fetal fibroblast were seeded in a 4-well plate and grown until contact inhibited. The cells were trypsinized until cells started to become detached and resuspended in salt-buffered NCSU-23 containing 10% fetal calf serum (FCS). Oocytes were matured in Eagle’s TC199-Hepes supplemented with 5 mg/mL insulin, 10 ng/mL EGF, 0.6 mM cysteine, 0.2 mM sodium pyruvate, 25 mg/mL gentamicin, 5 mg/mL FSH, and 10% porcine follicular fluid for 40 hours prior to manipulation. All SCNT and embryo transfers were performed by Viagen (Austin, TX)

and Exemplar Genetics (Sioux Center, IA) following standard protocols as described by Polejaeva et al. and Walker et al.22, 23 All reconstructed oocytes were transferred into naturally cycling gilts on the first day of standing estrus. A midline laparotomy was performed exposing the uterus, following which the reconstructed embryos were transferred into the oviduct at the ampullary-isthmus junction. Four gilts underwent embryo transfer Niclosamide with each gilt receiving 136 embryos. Histological analyses and FAH immunostaining were performed as described.24 For western blot analysis, liver samples were homogenized in cell lysis buffer (Cell Signaling) and 30 μg of isolated total protein were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) followed by immunoblotting onto a polyvinylidene fluoride microporous membrane (Immobilon-P, Millipore). The primary antibodies against FAH and beta-actin (Cell Signaling) were detected with a secondary horseradish peroxidase (HRP) antirabbit antibody (BioRad), and imaged using a chemiluminescent substrate for detection of HRP (Thermo Scientific). FAH enzyme assays were carried out on a cytosolic fraction of homogenized liver as described.

Community-acquired, healthcare-associated and nosocomial infection was 27%, 7% and 66%, respectively, and mortality rate was 31%, 14% and 27%, respectively.

The most common isolated pathogen was CNS (25%) followed by Klebsiella (16%) and E.coli (14%) with the 30-days mortality rate of 36%, 35% and 27%, respectively. The 30-days mortality rate was highest for Acinetobacter selleckchem (50%) and Enterococcus (50%). Presence of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) criteria (35% vs. 15%, p = 0.02) or high MELD score (66% vs. 11% for MELD ≥ 20 vs. <20, p < 0.001) were significantly associated with the 30-days mortality rate. High MELD score and site of infection (pneumonia vs. others) were significant variables in multivariable model. Conclusion: The risk of morality was high in cirrhotic patients, especially with high MELD score and pneumonia. Key Word(s): 1. Bactremia; 2. Cirrhosis; 3. Mortality; Presenting Author: MALAY SHARMA Saracatinib ic50 Additional Authors: CHITRANSHU VASHISHTHA Corresponding Author: MALAY SHARMA Affiliations: Jaswant Rai Speciality Hospital; Insitute of Liver & Biliary Sciences Objective: Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) has important diagnostic and therapeutic utility in different situations in patients with portal hypertension. Methods: A total of 254 patients of portal hypertension remained under follow up at the endoscopic unit from Sep. 2005 to March 2013 at a tertiary care centre. EUS and hemodynamic

evaluation was done in all cases of ectopic varices (fundal duodenal and rectal varices).

EUS was also useful for diagnosis of endoscopically inevident varices at various locations. EUS guided therapy was done in selected situations. Results: A total of 97 cases underwent EUS during this period. EUS was done for hemodynamic evaluation of 81 cases of gastric, duodenal and rectal varices. In majority of cases the inflowing and outflowing perforators to the ectopic varices were identified. After the hemodynamic evaluation the modality of selection included banding of duodenal and rectal varices close to the inflowing perforators. Glue injection was given for gastric varices and EUS was done some time PtdIns(3,4)P2 during the follow up either before or after glue injection. EUS was useful in detection of small esophageal varices, and endoscopically inevident ectopic varices in 21 cases. 8 patients underwent EUS guided therapy. Conclusion: EUS is important as a diagnostic aid for various situations in portal hypertension in emergency or elective situations. EUS guided interventions may be a useful therapeutic option for selected situations in bleeding. Key Word(s): 1. EUS; 2. Varices; 3. Choledochal varices ; 4. Therapy; Sr. No. Indication Result 1. Hemodynamic evaluation of variccs 81 (i) Fundal/gastric 50 (ii) Duodenal 9 (iii) Rectal 22 2. Diagnosis of varices 21 (i) Small Esophcagal 4 (ii) Fundal/ gastric/ 8 (iii) Duodenal 3 (iv) Rectal 6 3.