Results: The mean GBS was 8.87+3.20 in our cohort. The GBS had a moderate correlation with the Forrest classification of the ulcer identified during index endoscopy (R = -0.387, p < 0.001). Two hundred fifteen (80.8%) of the 266 patients with low-risk GBS had ulcers with a low-risk SRH, while 111 (38.9%) of the 285 patients with high-risk GBS had ulcers with high-risk SRH (p < 0.001). A high-risk GBS has a positive predictive value (PPV) of 31.38% and a negative predictive value (NPV) 88.89%. buy GDC-0941 A low-risk GBS has a PPV of 12.33% and a NPV of 96.2%. On logistic regression models, a low-risk GBS was predictive of a low-risk SRH (OR 2.69, 95%CI

[1.82–3.96], p < 0.001). Conclusion: The GBS is significantly correlated with the Forrest class of the bleeding lesion found during upper endoscopy of patients with NVUGIB. This study underlines the importance of determining the GBS at presentation of patients with NVUGIB as a low GBS can identify patients with low-risk SRH. Key Word(s): 1. UGIB; 2. Blatchford Score; 3. Forrest Class; 4. SRH; Presenting Author: IVANA TIRIC Additional Authors: MATKO MARKOTIC,

HRVOJE IVEKOVIC, MASA CAVLINA, PAVE MARKOS, KATJA GRUBELIC RAVIC, MILORAD OPACIC, NADAN RUSTEMOVIC Corresponding Author: IVANA TIRIC Affiliations: General Hospital Dr. Tomislav Bardek; selleck screening library General Hospital Virovitica; University Hospital Centre Zagreb Objective: Identification of the ethiology, clinical features and outcomes in the octogenarians with upper gastrointestinal bleeding, and comparison with the younger patients. Methods: Patients who had presented with upper gastrointestinal bleeding, and managed at three hospitals in Croatia, during the period 2010–2012, were reviewed. The patients were divided into two groups: older than 80 years and younger. Differences between two groups were egzamined by χ2 test. Results: Of 913 patients included, 19.2% were octogenarians. Compared to the younger patients, less octogenarians were men (506 (68,7%) vs 75 (42,6%), p < 0,001),

alcohol consumers (196 (27,6) vs 11 (6,4), p < 0,001) and smokers (164 (23,2) vs 5 (2,9), p < 0,001), there was lower percentage MCE of patients with liver cirrhosis (116 (15,9) vs 8 (4,6), p < 0,001), and higher percentage of those with accompanying cardiovascular nad renal disease (51 (7,0) vs 27 (15,4), p = 0,001 and 240 (33) vs 117 (66,9), p < 0,001). Higher intake of acetylsalicylic acid and anticoagulant drugs was registered in those over 80 (111 (15,1) vs 51 (29,0), p < 0,001 and 66 (9,0) vs 34 (19.3), p < 0,001). According to the laboratory findings, octogenarians had significantly higher urea and creatinin values (11,8 (9,2) vs 17,1 (12,8), p < 0,001 and 117 (94,3) vs 158 (125,2), p < 0,001).

Results: The mean GBS was 8.87+3.20 in our cohort. The GBS had a moderate correlation with the Forrest classification of the ulcer identified during index endoscopy (R = -0.387, p < 0.001). Two hundred fifteen (80.8%) of the 266 patients with low-risk GBS had ulcers with a low-risk SRH, while 111 (38.9%) of the 285 patients with high-risk GBS had ulcers with high-risk SRH (p < 0.001). A high-risk GBS has a positive predictive value (PPV) of 31.38% and a negative predictive value (NPV) 88.89%. Osimertinib ic50 A low-risk GBS has a PPV of 12.33% and a NPV of 96.2%. On logistic regression models, a low-risk GBS was predictive of a low-risk SRH (OR 2.69, 95%CI

[1.82–3.96], p < 0.001). Conclusion: The GBS is significantly correlated with the Forrest class of the bleeding lesion found during upper endoscopy of patients with NVUGIB. This study underlines the importance of determining the GBS at presentation of patients with NVUGIB as a low GBS can identify patients with low-risk SRH. Key Word(s): 1. UGIB; 2. Blatchford Score; 3. Forrest Class; 4. SRH; Presenting Author: IVANA TIRIC Additional Authors: MATKO MARKOTIC,

HRVOJE IVEKOVIC, MASA CAVLINA, PAVE MARKOS, KATJA GRUBELIC RAVIC, MILORAD OPACIC, NADAN RUSTEMOVIC Corresponding Author: IVANA TIRIC Affiliations: General Hospital Dr. Tomislav Bardek; selleckchem General Hospital Virovitica; University Hospital Centre Zagreb Objective: Identification of the ethiology, clinical features and outcomes in the octogenarians with upper gastrointestinal bleeding, and comparison with the younger patients. Methods: Patients who had presented with upper gastrointestinal bleeding, and managed at three hospitals in Croatia, during the period 2010–2012, were reviewed. The patients were divided into two groups: older than 80 years and younger. Differences between two groups were egzamined by χ2 test. Results: Of 913 patients included, 19.2% were octogenarians. Compared to the younger patients, less octogenarians were men (506 (68,7%) vs 75 (42,6%), p < 0,001),

alcohol consumers (196 (27,6) vs 11 (6,4), p < 0,001) and smokers (164 (23,2) vs 5 (2,9), p < 0,001), there was lower percentage 上海皓元医药股份有限公司 of patients with liver cirrhosis (116 (15,9) vs 8 (4,6), p < 0,001), and higher percentage of those with accompanying cardiovascular nad renal disease (51 (7,0) vs 27 (15,4), p = 0,001 and 240 (33) vs 117 (66,9), p < 0,001). Higher intake of acetylsalicylic acid and anticoagulant drugs was registered in those over 80 (111 (15,1) vs 51 (29,0), p < 0,001 and 66 (9,0) vs 34 (19.3), p < 0,001). According to the laboratory findings, octogenarians had significantly higher urea and creatinin values (11,8 (9,2) vs 17,1 (12,8), p < 0,001 and 117 (94,3) vs 158 (125,2), p < 0,001).

Treatment maintenance was defined as patients who completed 3 years of therapy without any treatment modification. Treatment modification was defined as one of the following types, regardless of the reason for modification: (i) switch to another NA; (ii) addition Small molecule library of another NA; (iii) discontinuation of the initial NA; (iv) dose modification of the initial NA; and (v) other issues (e.g. safety concern). Both clinical and non-clinical reasons associated with treatment modification were recorded. Adherence was defined as the percentage of days

per year that a given patient was on NA treatment, as previously described.[16] Virological breakthrough was defined as serum HBV DNA increase > 1 log IU/mL from the nadir on NA treatment. The evaluable population included all enrolled patients without any major protocol deviation. Continuous data were summarized in terms of the mean, SD, median, minimum, maximum, and number of observations. The proportion of patients who modified the initial NA treatment selleck chemicals llc was calculated by year for the 3 years of visits and by treatment arms, and presented by reasons for treatment modification. This analysis was repeated by stratification of reasons of initial NA treatment modification (i.e. clinical or non-clinical reasons)

and also performed based on (i) all reasons associated with treatment modification and (ii) clinical reasons only. A Kaplan–Meier analysis

was used to describe the time to treatment modification of the initial NA treatment. Median survival time was the time when 50% of the patients had a treatment modification. Log-rank test was used to compare the time to treatment modification among the different NA treatments. Adherence rates were calculated by year. Chi-square was used to compare the number of patients with adherence rate > 90% versus adherence rate ≤ 90%. Statistical analyses were performed MCE公司 using SAS® version 9.1.3 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). A P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. A total of 600 treatment-naïve CHB patients were recruited from 33 hospitals in Taiwan (Fig. 1). Five hundred and eighty-three patients who did not have a major protocol deviation comprised the evaluable population (97.2%). Of these patients, 475 (79.2%) completed a 3-year of treatment. ETV was used as the initial treatment in 476 (79.3%), LdT in 68 (11.3%), and LVD in 56 (9.3%) patients. The ETV group had the highest proportion of patients who completed a 3-year treatment (86.6%). Overall, the most common reason for withdrawal was “discontinuation of the initial NA treatment” (26.4%), followed by “switch to another NA” (18.4%). Our patients were predominantly male (71.9%) (Table 1). The mean age (± SD) was 43.8 (± 12.9) years, ranging from 17 to 81 years.

Further functional studies of TL1A will provide a better understanding of the pathogenesis of IBD. Key Word(s): 1. Inflammatory bowel disease; 2. TNFSF15; 3. TL1A; 4. immunohistochemistry Presenting Author: DAE BUM KIM Additional Authors: KANG MOON LEE, JI MIN LEE, YOON YUNG CHUNG, HEA JUNG SUNG, CHANG NYOL PAIK, WOO CHUL CHUNG, JI HAN JUNG, HYUN JOO CHOI Corresponding Author: DAE BUM KIM Affiliations: St.Vincent’s Hosptital, Suwon, St.Vincent’s selleck chemicals llc Hosptital, Suwon, St.Vincent’s Hospital, St.Vincent’s Hospital, St.Vincent’s Hosptital, Suwon, St.Vincent’s

Hosptital, Suwon, St.Vincent’s hosptital, Suwon, St.Vincent’s Hosptital, Suwon Objective: It is important to accurately determine disease activity for the assessment and prediction of treatment outcomes in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). The assessment of UC activity has been based on a combination of clinical, serologic and endoscopic data. Recent studies suggest histologic healing as a treatment goal in UC. The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between histologic activity and clinical, endoscopic, and serologic activities in patients Akt inhibitor ic50 with UC. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records

of patients with UC who underwent colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy with biopsies between January2011 and December2013. The Mayo endoscopic subscore was used to assess the endoscopic activity. Colonic biopsy specimens were reviewed by two expert pathologists blindly and scored based on the Geboes scoring system (range, 0–5.4). For the evaluation of disease activity, C-reactive MCE公司 protein (CRP) and partial Mayo score were also determined around the time of endoscopy. Results: 154 biopsy specimens from 102 patients with UC were analyzed. Histologic score showed good correlation with endoscopic subscore (Spearman’s rank correlation

coefficient r = 0.774, p < 0.001) as well as CRP (r = 0.422, p < 0.001) and partial Mayo score (r = 0.403, p < 0.001). Proportions showing active inflammation (Geboes score >3.1) on histology were 6% (2 of 33) in endoscopically normal mucosa (Mayo endoscopic subscore 0), 66% (19 of 29) in mild disease (subscore 1), and 100% (92 of 92) in moderate to severe disease (subscore 2 and 3), respectively. Conclusion: Histologic activity closely correlated with endoscopic, clinical and serologic activities in patients with UC. But some patients with mild or even normal endoscopic findings still had histologic evidence of inflammation on biopsy. Histologic assessment may be helpful in evaluating treatment outcome and determining follow-up strategies in clinical practice. Key Word(s): 1. Ulcerative colitis; 2. histologic activity; 3.

(St. Louis, MO), unless otherwise indicated. BAPTA/AM (1,2-bis-(o-aminophenoxy)-ethane-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid, tetraacetoxymethyl ester; intracellular Ca2+ chelator)4 and N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphtalenesulfonamide (W7; a calmodulin antagonist that binds to calmodulin and inhibits Ca2+/calmodulin-regulated enzyme activities, such as CaMK protein kinase)4 were purchased from Calbiochem Biotechnology (San Diego, CA). Primers for real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were purchased from SABiosciences (Valencia, CA). The RNeasy Mini Kit (to purify total RNA) was purchased from Qiagen Inc. (Valencia, CA). The radioimmunoassay (RIA) kits, for the measurement of cAMP (cAMP [125I]

Biotrak Assay System, RPA509) and IP3 (IP3 [3H] Biotrak Assay System, TRK1000) levels, were purchased from GE Healthcare (Piscataway, NJ). Antibodies (Abs) were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, selleckchem CA), unless otherwise indicated. The CFTR monoclonal Ab (immunoglobulin G1) was purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Fremont, CA). The anti Proteasome structure Cl−/HCO3− AE2 Ab was obtained from Alpha Diagnostic International (San Antonio, TX). Male C57/BI6N mice (20-25 g) were purchased from Charles River Laboratories (Wilmington, MA), kept

in a temperature-controlled environment with 12-hour light-dark cycles and free access to water and standard chow. Studies were performed in normal mice, and mice that, immediately after BDL,3 were treated with daily intraperitoneal (IP) injections of (1) 0.9% saline (vehicle) or (2) GABA (50 mg/kg body weight; b.w.)15 in the absence or presence of BAPTA/AM (6 mg/kg b.w.)16 or W7 (50 μmol/kg b.w.)17 for 7 days. Animal surgeries and anesthesia (50 mg/kg b.w., IP) were performed in accord with protocols approved by the Scott & White and Texas A&M HSC Institutional Animal Care and Use

Committee (Temple, TX). In vitro studies were performed in immortalized small and large cholangiocyte lines, which display morphological and functional characteristic similar to that of MCE freshly isolated small and large cholangiocytes.4, 18 GABA receptor expression (GABAA, GABAB, and GABAC) was evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in liver sections (4-5 μm thick). After IHC, sections were analyzed by two board-certified researchers in a blinded fashion using a BX-51 light microscope (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) with a video camera (Spot Insight; Diagnostic Instrument, Inc., Sterling Heights, MI) and evaluated with an Image Analysis System (IAS 2000; Delta Sistemi, Rome, Italy). Expression of GABA receptors was evaluated in small and large cholangiocytes by real-time PCR and immunofluorescence (IF).19 The primers (from SABiosciences) used are described in the Supporting Materials. A delta delta threshold cycle analysis was obtained using small cholangiocytes as control samples.

Whatever the treatment strategy used, haemophilia care requires intensive, life-long treatment. This treatment is, by definition, multidisciplinary, involving nurses, physiotherapists and social workers as well as

a haemophilia physicians/haematologists, surgeons click here and specialists in rehabilitation/other relevant medical personnel. The delivery of high-quality haemophilia care requires skill and experience from diagnosis onwards throughout life. The management of the child with haemophilia is particularly important, as it has been established that the intensity of treatment at a young age is an important determinant of outcome in adulthood [1, 2]. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that the life expectancy of patients with haemophilia is dependent on specialized care in developing countries [3] and also in the western world [4, 5]. Optimal standards of care will for some countries be an index of those standards that should be maintained, Carfilzomib concentration but in other places will be a goal to be achieved. To establish these standards, the Principles of Haemophilia Care were agreed in 2008 by an expert group of haemophilia treaters and published in Haemophilia by Colvin and colleagues [6]. The Principles are summarized in Table 1. The European Haemophilia Therapy Standardisation Board (EHTSB) consists of a group of 25 haemophilia

treaters from 14 European countries who meet on a regular basis (two to three times per year) to review and asses the current trends in haemophilia treatment with a view to standardizing care and disseminating best

practice across Europe. The study presented here was conducted by the EHTSB with the aim of assessing the current standard of services for haemophilia across Europe including the extent of adherence to the Principles of Haemophilia Care. Using a template derived from the audit tool designed by the UKHCDO (UK Haemophilia Care Doctors’ Organisation) and the published 上海皓元医药股份有限公司 Principles of Haemophilia Care, a working group of the EHTSB developed a questionnaire (Appendix 1), which was sent out to the members of all centres in the EHTSB in December 2009. After analysis and discussion of the results, additional questions to address queries concerning some items were sent out in November 2010 and March 2011. In the questionnaire the definitions of comprehensive care centres (CCC) and haemophilia treatment centres (HTC) according to those of the UKHCDO were used as shown in Table Principles of care audit questionnaire 2009. Descriptive statistics were used to calculate results according to each of the 10 principles. To calculate the number of treatment centres per million inhabitants, the number of HTCs reported by the physicians was checked at the Global Treatment Centre Directory on the WFH website (http://www.wfh.org/index.asp?lang=EN accessed May 8 2012) and divided by the population size for each country.

Whatever the treatment strategy used, haemophilia care requires intensive, life-long treatment. This treatment is, by definition, multidisciplinary, involving nurses, physiotherapists and social workers as well as

a haemophilia physicians/haematologists, surgeons KU-57788 solubility dmso and specialists in rehabilitation/other relevant medical personnel. The delivery of high-quality haemophilia care requires skill and experience from diagnosis onwards throughout life. The management of the child with haemophilia is particularly important, as it has been established that the intensity of treatment at a young age is an important determinant of outcome in adulthood [1, 2]. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that the life expectancy of patients with haemophilia is dependent on specialized care in developing countries [3] and also in the western world [4, 5]. Optimal standards of care will for some countries be an index of those standards that should be maintained, MLN0128 research buy but in other places will be a goal to be achieved. To establish these standards, the Principles of Haemophilia Care were agreed in 2008 by an expert group of haemophilia treaters and published in Haemophilia by Colvin and colleagues [6]. The Principles are summarized in Table 1. The European Haemophilia Therapy Standardisation Board (EHTSB) consists of a group of 25 haemophilia

treaters from 14 European countries who meet on a regular basis (two to three times per year) to review and asses the current trends in haemophilia treatment with a view to standardizing care and disseminating best

practice across Europe. The study presented here was conducted by the EHTSB with the aim of assessing the current standard of services for haemophilia across Europe including the extent of adherence to the Principles of Haemophilia Care. Using a template derived from the audit tool designed by the UKHCDO (UK Haemophilia Care Doctors’ Organisation) and the published MCE公司 Principles of Haemophilia Care, a working group of the EHTSB developed a questionnaire (Appendix 1), which was sent out to the members of all centres in the EHTSB in December 2009. After analysis and discussion of the results, additional questions to address queries concerning some items were sent out in November 2010 and March 2011. In the questionnaire the definitions of comprehensive care centres (CCC) and haemophilia treatment centres (HTC) according to those of the UKHCDO were used as shown in Table Principles of care audit questionnaire 2009. Descriptive statistics were used to calculate results according to each of the 10 principles. To calculate the number of treatment centres per million inhabitants, the number of HTCs reported by the physicians was checked at the Global Treatment Centre Directory on the WFH website (http://www.wfh.org/index.asp?lang=EN accessed May 8 2012) and divided by the population size for each country.

Whatever the treatment strategy used, haemophilia care requires intensive, life-long treatment. This treatment is, by definition, multidisciplinary, involving nurses, physiotherapists and social workers as well as

a haemophilia physicians/haematologists, surgeons Fulvestrant supplier and specialists in rehabilitation/other relevant medical personnel. The delivery of high-quality haemophilia care requires skill and experience from diagnosis onwards throughout life. The management of the child with haemophilia is particularly important, as it has been established that the intensity of treatment at a young age is an important determinant of outcome in adulthood [1, 2]. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that the life expectancy of patients with haemophilia is dependent on specialized care in developing countries [3] and also in the western world [4, 5]. Optimal standards of care will for some countries be an index of those standards that should be maintained, Selleckchem EPZ6438 but in other places will be a goal to be achieved. To establish these standards, the Principles of Haemophilia Care were agreed in 2008 by an expert group of haemophilia treaters and published in Haemophilia by Colvin and colleagues [6]. The Principles are summarized in Table 1. The European Haemophilia Therapy Standardisation Board (EHTSB) consists of a group of 25 haemophilia

treaters from 14 European countries who meet on a regular basis (two to three times per year) to review and asses the current trends in haemophilia treatment with a view to standardizing care and disseminating best

practice across Europe. The study presented here was conducted by the EHTSB with the aim of assessing the current standard of services for haemophilia across Europe including the extent of adherence to the Principles of Haemophilia Care. Using a template derived from the audit tool designed by the UKHCDO (UK Haemophilia Care Doctors’ Organisation) and the published 上海皓元 Principles of Haemophilia Care, a working group of the EHTSB developed a questionnaire (Appendix 1), which was sent out to the members of all centres in the EHTSB in December 2009. After analysis and discussion of the results, additional questions to address queries concerning some items were sent out in November 2010 and March 2011. In the questionnaire the definitions of comprehensive care centres (CCC) and haemophilia treatment centres (HTC) according to those of the UKHCDO were used as shown in Table Principles of care audit questionnaire 2009. Descriptive statistics were used to calculate results according to each of the 10 principles. To calculate the number of treatment centres per million inhabitants, the number of HTCs reported by the physicians was checked at the Global Treatment Centre Directory on the WFH website (http://www.wfh.org/index.asp?lang=EN accessed May 8 2012) and divided by the population size for each country.

The terms padumnal and madumnal refer to paternally and maternally derived alleles Selleckchem Obeticholic Acid in offspring, so genetic imprinting essentially involves altered expressions of madumnal or padumnal alleles (Haig, 1996). Haig (1993)

introduced evolutionary interpretations for genetic imprinting (and for various other expressions of conflict during mammalian pregnancy) when he wrote: The effects of natural selection on genes expressed in fetuses may be opposed by the effects of natural selection on genes expressed in mothers. In this sense, a genetic conflict can be said to exist between maternal and fetal genes. Fetal genes will be selected to increase the transfer of nutrients to their fetus, and maternal genes will be selected to limit transfers in excess of some maternal optimum. Thus a process of evolutionary escalation is predicted in which fetal actions are opposed by maternal countermeasures. The phenomenon of genomic imprinting means that a similar conflict exists within fetal cells between genes that are

expressed when maternally derived, and genes that are expressed when paternally derived. Unfortunately, these strategic battles between madumnal and padumnal genes in utero come not without serious medical consequences, especially for embryos that are caught in the evolutionary Small molecule library concentration crossfires (e.g. Haig, 2004). For example, Frank & Crespi (2011) suggest that such intragenomic conflict may affect the regulation of embryonic growth in ways that can precipitate various pathologies such as some cancers as well as psychiatric disorders including some cases of autism and schizophrenia. These authors view evolutionary-genetic conflict as sexual antagonism that can lead to pathologies whenever opposing genetic interests that normally are precariously balanced become unbalanced for any reason. Burt medchemexpress & Trivers (2006) have extended this kind of evolutionary argumentation about intergenic strife to a broad spectrum of otherwise puzzling empirical properties of sexual genomes. Even among mammals, various expressions of pregnancy sometime

have and sometimes have not been forged by natural selection. For example, embryonic diapause wherein a delay occurs between fertilization and implantation is a polyphyletic condition that clearly demands an adaptive explanation (related in this case to differences in optimal times for mating vs. birthing); whereas sporadic polyembryony (the occasional production of monozygotic twins) is an idiosyncratic happening that almost certainly is not adaptive per se. And other expressions of pregnancy (such as constitutive dizygotic twinning in marmosets and tamarins; Signer, Anzenberger & Jeffreys, 2000) have some biological elements that do and other elements that probably do not require adaptive explication.

The relevant parameters were analyzed in the PBC patients. Results: The sensitivity and specificity of simplified criteria

in the diagnosis of overlap syndrome were 90% and 98.2%. The sensitivity and specificity of revised criteria was considerably lower compared with simplified criteria. The Paris criteria showed higher specificity (100%) and lower sensitivity (20%). Some of OS patients who did not fulfill Paris LY294002 solubility dmso criteria benefited from immunosuppressive medication. Conclusion: For the diagnosis of PBC-AIH OS in Chinese patients, the simplified criteria appears to be effective in comparison with Paris criteria and the revised criteria due to the high levels of sensitivity and specificity. Further studies will be performed to confirm these observations in term of long-term outcomes and therapeutic implication. Key Word(s): 1.

Overlap Syndrome; 2. PBC; 3. AIH; 4. Diagnostic Criteria; Presenting Author: RUGANG ZHANG Additional Authors: YUNSHENG ZHANG, XIANGDONG WANG, XIULI ZHANG Corresponding Author: YUNSHENG ZHANG Affiliations: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital Objective: Pyogenic hepatic abscess (PHA) is a rare but potentially serious disease. The study of new therapeutic mode urgently needs the experimental support of corresponding animal model; however the well established ones are few hitherto. The aim of this study is to establish an animal model in Bama minipig, in which Selleckchem C59 wnt underlying pathogenesis is investigated. Methods: After exposing abdominal cavity, one of 12 clinically healthy Bama minipigs was injected into liver parenchyma with mixture of S. aureus ATCC 25923 and fresh venous blood, one was injected with mixture of ATCC 25923 and venous blood clot, five were injected with mixture of ATCC 29213 and fresh venous blood, and five were injected with mixture of ATCC 29213 and venous blood clot respectively. The PHA specimens were resected and analyzed by Gram’s stain, bacterial culture, polymerase chain reaction medchemexpress (PCR) amplification and histopathological evaluation. Growth curves of S. aureus were monitored by spectrophotometry, expressions of virulence

protein were measured using reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) amplification, and enzyme activities of virulence protein were detected by toluidine blue-DNA assay, tube coagulase test and hemolysin assay seperately. Results: There were all PHA in the ATCC 29213 group, however there was no PHA in the ATCC 25923 groups at all. PHA of 2.4 ± 1.5 cm2 in longitudinal section was formed in targeted site of injection in 41.7% (5/12) of animals in the fresh venous blood group, and PHA of 5.7 ± 1.2 cm2 was formed in 41.7% (5/12) of animals in the venous blood clot group. S. aureus ATCC 29213 was considered as the only pathogenic bacterium based on Gram’s stain, bacterial culture and PCR amplification to the PHA specimens.