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2005, 15:306–312. in PortugueseCrossRef 30. Delgado AV, González-Caballero F, Hunter RJ, Koopal LK, Lyklema J: Measurement and interpretation of electrokinetic phenomena. Pure Appl Chem 2005, 77:1753–1805.CrossRef 31. Brus LE: Electron–electron–hole in small semiconductors crystallites: the size dependence of the lowest excited electronic state. J Chem Phys 1984, 80:4403–4409.CrossRef 32. Tauc J, Menth A: States in the gap. J Non-Cryst Solids 1972, 8–10:569–585.CrossRef 33. Jaiswal A, Sanpui P, Chattopadhyay A, Ghosh SS: Investigating Epigenetics inhibitor Lazertinib purchase fluorescence quenching of ZnS quantum dots by silver nanoparticles. Plasmonics 2011, 6:125–132.CrossRef

34. Mall M, Kumar L: Optical studies of Cd 2+ and Mn 2+ Co-doped ZnS nanocrystals. J Lumin 2010, 130:660–665.CrossRef 35. Cooper JK, Franco AM, Gul S, Corrado C, Zhang JZ: Characterization of primary amine capped CdSe, ZnSe, and ZnS quantum dots by FT-IR: determination of surface bonding interaction and identification of selective desorption. Langmuir 2011, 27:8486–8493.CrossRef 36. Fang J, Holloway PH, Yu JE, Jones KS, Pathangey B, Brettschneider E, Anderson TJ: MOCVD growth of non-epitaxial and epitaxial ZnS thin films. Appl Surf Sci 1993, 70/71:701–706.CrossRef 37. Chen R, Li D, Liu B, Peng Z, Gurzadyan GG, Xiong O, Sun H: Optical and excitonic properties of crystalline ZnS nanowires: toward efficient ultraviolet emission at room temperature. Nano Lett 2010, 10:4956–4961.CrossRef 38. Wageh S, Ling ZS, Xu-Rong X: Growth and optical properties of colloidal ZnS nanoparticles. J Cryst Growth 2003, 255:332–337.CrossRef 39. Becker WG, Bard AJ: Photoluminescence and photoinduced oxygen adsorption of colloidal zinc sulfide dispersions. J Phys Chem 1983,

87:4888–4893.CrossRef 40. Denzler D, Olschewski M, Sattler Benzatropine K: Luminescence studies of localized gap states in colloidal ZnS nanocrystals. J Appl Phys 1998, 84:2841–2845.CrossRef 41. Tarasov K, Houssein D, Destarac M, Marcotte N, Gérardin C, Tichit D: Stable aqueous colloids of ZnS quantum dots prepared using double hydrophilic block copolymers. New J Chem 2013, 37:508–514.CrossRef 42. Zheng Y, Gao S, Ying JY: Synthesis and cell-imaging applications of glutathione-capped CdTe quantum dots. Adv Mater 2007, 19:376–380.CrossRef 43. Barman B, Sarma KC: Luminescence properties of ZnS quantum dots embedded in polymer matrix. Chalcogenide Lett 2011, 8:171–176. 44. Li Z, Du Y, Zhang Z, Pang D: Preparation and characterization of CdS quantum dots chitosan biocomposite. React Funct Polym 2003, 55:35–43.CrossRef 45.

Mol Carcinog 2010, 49:68–74.PubMed 32. Herzer K, Hofmann T, Teufel A, Schimanski C, Moehler M, Kanzler S, Schulze-Bergkamen H, Galle P: IFN-alpha-induced apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma involves promyelocytic Sapanisertib clinical trial leukemia protein and TRAIL independently of p53. Cancer Res 2009, 69:855–862.PubMedCrossRef 33. Lim dY, Jeong Y, Tyner A, Park J: Induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in HT-29 human colon cancer cells by the dietary compound

luteolin. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2007, 292:G66-G75.CrossRef 34. Bekisz J, Baron S, Balinsky C, Morrow A, Zoon K: Antiproliferative Properties of Type I and Type II Interferon. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2010, 3:994–1015.CrossRef 35. Hagiwara S, Kudo M, Ueshima K, Chung H, Yamaguchi M, Takita M, Haji S, Kimura M, Arao T, Nishio K, Park A, Munakata H: The cancer stem cell marker CD133 is a predictor of the effectiveness of S1+ pegylated interferon alpha-2b therapy against advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastroenterol 2010, 46:212–221.PubMedCrossRef 36. Su W, Liu W, Cheng C, Chou Y, Hung K, Huang W, Wu C, Li Y, Shiau A, Lai M: Ribavirin enhances interferon signaling via stimulation of mTOR and p53 activities. FEBS Lett 2009, 583:2793–2798.PubMedCrossRef 37. García A, Morales P, Rafter J, Haza A: N-Nitrosopiperidine

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For the rapid fingerprinting protocol, preparation of DNA from single colonies was carried out as follows. A sterile 200 μl plastic pipette tip was inserted into a single freshly grown (no longer that 72 hours of plate growth) bacterial colony, resuspended into 50 μl of sterile 5% Chelex® 100 resin solution (Sigma-Aldrich, Gillingham, UK), and then plated onto MRS agar to provide

a pure reference culture. The DNA extraction tubes were stored frozen at -20°C prior to the extraction of DNA for PCR. After thawing, the samples were boiled for 5 min and immediately placed on ice for a further 5 min; this heating and cooling cycle was repeated once to extract DNA. The resin was removed by brief centrifugation and 2 μl of the clear supernatant DNA solution used for the RAPD EPZ015666 clinical trial PCR. PCR fingerprinting SBI-0206965 nmr was carried out using a procedure that was modified from that described

[13]. RAPD primers 201 to 300 (10 μg aliquots) were purchased from the Nucleic Acid Protein Service Unit at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada http://​www.​michaelsmith.​ubc.​ca/​services/​NAPS/​. The primers that were found to be appropriate for LAB typing (272, 277 and 287; Table 1) were subsequently ordered individually in bulk from MWG Biotech (Covent Garden, London), dissolved as stocks in water at 100 pmol/μl and stored frozen. All PCR reagents were purchased from Qiagen Ltd. (Crawley, UK) and routine fingerprinting was carried out in a 25 μl reaction mixture containing: 2.5 μl PCR buffer, 5 μl Q-solution, 1.5 μl 25 mM MgCl2 (3 mM final concentration), 0.5 μl 10 mM dNTPs mixture (200 μM final concentration), 4 μl of 10 pmol/μl stock of RAPD primer, 2 μl of template DNA (approximately 40 ng) and 0.2 μl (1 unit) of Taq DNA polymerase. The PCR thermal cycles were carried out on a Flexigene Thermal Cycler (Techne Ltd., Newcastle, United Kingdom) as follows (ramping time before between temperatures): (i) 4 cycles of 94°C for 5 min., 36°C for 5 min. (70 sec. cooling time), and 72°C for 5 min. (70 sec. heating time), (ii) 30 cycles of 94°C for1 min. (55 sec. to heat from 72°C), 36°C for 1 min. (60 sec to cool), 72°C for 2 min. (70 sec.

to heat); and (iii) a final extension of 72°C for 6 min. followed by a hold at 4°C indefinitely. All reference LAB strains (Table 2) were typed in duplicate and the type strain L. acidophilus LMG 9433T was also used as an internal reproducibility control throughout all RAPD analysis, with multiple repeats performed to ensure RAPD typing was reproducible. Fingerprint profiles were separated by standard gel electrophoresis [13] using 1.5% high resolution agarose gels (Sigma-Aldrich, Poole UK). RAPD fingerprints were analysed using computer software (Gel Compar II, Appied Maths, Sint-Martens-Latem, Belgium) and fingerprint profiles compared by calculation of the Dice coefficient and clustering using the unweighted pair-group method average (UPGMA); isolates with RAPD fingerprint Dice coefficients greater than 0.

J Trauma 2011,71(6):1512–1517.PubMedCentralPubMed 116. Ordonez CA, Sanchez click here AI, Pineda JA, Badiel M, Mesa R, Cardona U, Arias R, RossoF , Granados M, Gutiérrez-Martínez MI, Ochoa

JB, Peitzman A, Puyana JC: Deferred primary anastomosis versus diversion in patients with severe secondary peritonitis managed with staged laparotomies. World J Surg 2010, 34:169–176.PubMedCentralPubMed 117. Perathoner A, Klaus A, Muhlmann G, Oberwalder M, Margreiter R, Kafka-Ritsch , Oberwalder M, Margreiter R, Kafka-Ritsch Q: Damage control with abdominal vacuum therapy (VAC) to manage perforated diverticulitis with advanced generalized peritonitis – a proof of concept. Int J Colorectal Dis 2010, 25:767–774.PubMed

118. Kafka-Ritsch R, Birkfellner F, Perathoner A, Raab H, Nehoda H, Pratschke J, Zitt M: Damage control selleck inhibitor surgery with abdominal vacuum and delayed bowel reconstruction in patients with perforated diverticulitis Hinchey III/IV. J Gastroenterol Surg 2012, 16:1915–1922. 119. Yuan Y, Ren J, He Y: Current status of the open abdomen treatment for intra-abdominal infection. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2013, 532013. Epub 2013 Oct 2 120. Regner JL, Kobayashi L, Coimbra R: Surgical strategies for management of the open abdomen. World J Surg 2012,36(3):497–510.PubMed 121. Padalino P, Dionigi G, Minoja G, Carcano G, Rovera F, Boni L, Dionigi R: Fascia-to-fascia closure with abdominal topical negative pressure for severe abdominal infections: preliminary results in a department of general surgery and intensive care unit. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2010,11(6):523–528. 122. Tsuei BJ, Skinner JC, Bernard AC, Kearney PA, Boulanger BR: The open peritoneal

cavity: etiology correlates with the likelihood of fascial closure. Am Surg 2004,70(7):652–656.PubMed 123. Pliakos I, Papavramidis TS, Mihalopoulos N, Koulouris H, Kesisoglou I, Sapalidis K, Deligiannidis N, Papavramidis S: Vacuum-assisted closure in severe abdominal sepsis with or without retention sutured sequential fascial closure: a clinical trial. Surgery 2010,148(5):947–953.PubMed PD184352 (CI-1040) 124. Roberts DJ, Zygun DA, Grendar J, Ball CG, Robertson HL, Ouellet JF, Cheatham ML, Kirkpatrick AW: Negative-pressure wound therapy for critically ill adults with open abdominal wounds: a systematic review. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2012,73(3):629–639.PubMed 125. Kubiak BD, Albert SP, Gatto LA, Snyder KP, Maier KG, Vieau CJ, Roy S, Nieman GF: Peritoneal negative pressure therapy prevents multiple organ injury in a chronic porcine sepsis and ischemia/reperfusion model. Shock 2010, 34:525–534.PubMed 126. Plaudis H, Rudzats A, Melberga L, Kazaka I, Suba O, Pupelis G: Abdominal negative-pressure therapy: a new method in countering abdominal compartment and peritonitis – prospective study and critical review of literature. Ann Intensive Care 2012,20(2 Suppl 1):S23.

To further curate the models, we performed additional BLAST searches [40] among the corresponding Selleckchem Mocetinostat strain of Blattabacterium, other flavobacteria and E. coli K-12 available in GenBank (e-values below e-11), to incorporate reactions either absent in E. coli or undetected due to the divergence among strains. In addition, we identified functional domains by means of the interface SMART (Simple Modular Architecture Research Tool) (http://smart.emblheidelberg.de/help/smart_about.shtml) [41, 42]. Flux balance analysis (FBA) was performed using the COBRA toolbox [43], a freely available Matlab toolbox and the models were described using the Systems Biology Markup Language (SBML) [44]

(Additional Files 5 and 6). We used the biomass equation derived from the iJR904 E. coli model [37] with a few adaptations derived on updated network of such microorganism, i.e. iAF1260 [33]. In particular

we added the cofactors thiamine selleck products diphosphate and tetrahydrofolate. Additionally, we adjusted the amounts of the four different deoxynucleotide triphosphates in the biomass equation to reflect the GC content of the Blattabacterium strains (Bge, 27 mol%; Pam, 28 mol%). Furthermore, since Blattabacterium strains are unable to completely synthesize cardiolipin, glycogen, lipopolysaccharide, and spermidine, we removed these components from the biomass equation. Robustness analysis The study of network robustness was performed with the function robustnessAnalysis of the COBRA toolbox [43]. In addition, we evaluated the effect of a gene deletion experiment on cellular growth

of Vildagliptin the resultant mutant using the option singleGeneDeletion of the COBRA toolbox. We set to zero the upper and lower flux bounds for the reaction(s) corresponding to the simulated deleted gene. If a single gene is associated with multiple reactions, the deletion of that gene will result in the removal of all associated reactions. On the contrary, a reaction that can be catalyzed by multiple non-interacting gene products will not be removed in a single gene deletion. The possible results of a single deletion are unchanged maximal growth (non-lethal), reduced maximal growth or no growth (lethal). We simulated growth and subsequent fragility analysis with all the different sources which enhance/support biomass formation. Authors’ information CMGD: postdoctoral specialist in Microbiology and Systems Biology; EB: postdoctoral specialist in Bioinformatics, Evolutionary Genomics and Systems Biology; RPN: PhD student specialist in Genetics, ‘omics’ Sciences and Bioinformatics; AM: Full Professor of Genetics; JP: Associate Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; AL: Full Professor of Genetics. Acknowledgements Financial support was provided by grants BFU2009-12895-C02-01/BMC (Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Spain) to AL and Prometeo Program (Generalitat Valenciana) to AM. Dr.

9 % FM: – 0.5 % Strength: + 2.3 % average Nissen 1996 [7] Untrained college-aged males Monitored progressive resistance training No Yes 3 weeks, 1.5 or 3 grams per day HMB-Ca No TOBEC for total FFM and FM Strength: Average weight lifted during last 3 working sets of upper and lower body exercises FFM: + 0.6 % FM: No Effect Strength: +2.6 to 17.4 % depending on lift Jowko 2001 [10] Active, college-aged males Monitored progressive resistance training No No 3 weeks, 3 grams per day HMB-Ca 20 grams creatine

per day for 7 days followed by 10 grams per day for 14 days BIA Strength: Cumulative 1-RM of major lifts (Squat, Bench Press, Clean) FFM: + 0.6 % FM: – 0.7 % Strength: + 9 % Kreider 1999[15] Resistance trained, college-aged males males with > 1 year experience Not monitored: Instructed not to change current this website individualized training regimens No No 28 days, 3 or 6 grams per day HMB-Ca No DXA for: LBM and FM Strength: Bench Press and Leg Press LBM: No Effect FM: No Effect Strength: No Effect Gallagher 2000[12] Untrained college-aged males

Monitored progressive resistance training No No 8 weeks, 3 or 6 grams per day HMB-Ca No 7 site Skin Fold Isometric and Isokinetic testing, Non-specific to training stimulus FFM: + 3 % FM: – 1.6 % Strength: +2-3.5 % No differences between 3 and 6 g Panton 2000[20] Men and women, divided into untrained and resistance trained (> 6 months), 20–40 yrs of age Monitored high intensity progressive resistance training No No 4 weeks, 3 grams per day HMB-Ca {Selleck Anti-infection Compound Library|Selleck Antiinfection Compound Library|Selleck Anti-infection Compound Library|Selleck Antiinfection Compound Library|Selleckchem Anti-infection Compound Library|Selleckchem Antiinfection Compound Library|Selleckchem Anti-infection Compound Library|Selleckchem Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|buy Anti-infection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library ic50|Anti-infection Compound Library price|Anti-infection Compound Library cost|Anti-infection Compound Library solubility dmso|Anti-infection Compound Library purchase|Anti-infection Compound Library manufacturer|Anti-infection Compound Library research buy|Anti-infection Compound Library order|Anti-infection Compound Library mouse|Anti-infection Compound Library chemical structure|Anti-infection Compound Library mw|Anti-infection Compound Library molecular weight|Anti-infection Compound Library datasheet|Anti-infection Compound Library supplier|Anti-infection Compound Library in vitro|Anti-infection Compound Library cell line|Anti-infection Compound Library concentration|Anti-infection Compound Library nmr|Anti-infection Compound Library in vivo|Anti-infection Compound Library clinical trial|Anti-infection Compound Library cell assay|Anti-infection Compound Library screening|Anti-infection Compound Library high throughput|buy Antiinfection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library ic50|Antiinfection Compound Library price|Antiinfection Compound Library cost|Antiinfection Compound Library solubility dmso|Antiinfection Compound Library purchase|Antiinfection Compound Library manufacturer|Antiinfection Compound Library research buy|Antiinfection Compound Library order|Antiinfection Compound Library chemical structure|Antiinfection Compound Library datasheet|Antiinfection Compound Library supplier|Antiinfection Compound Library in vitro|Antiinfection Compound Library cell line|Antiinfection Compound Library concentration|Antiinfection Compound Library clinical trial|Antiinfection Compound Library cell assay|Antiinfection Compound Library screening|Antiinfection Compound Library high throughput|Anti-infection Compound high throughput screening| No Underwater

Weighing Bench Press and Leg Press 1-RM FFM: +.5 kg FM: – .6 % Strength: +3-15 % Hoffman 2004[19] Methane monooxygenase College Football players Football camp, not controlled by investigators No No 10 days, 3 grams per day HMB-Ca No Not Measured Wingate Power No Effects Kraemer 2009[13] Recreationally active, college-aged males periodized resistance training split Yes Yes 12 weeks, 3 grams per day HMB-Ca 14 grams arginine and 14 grams glutamine per day DXA for LBM and FM and Limb Circumference Squat and Bench Press 1RM Vertical Jump LBM: + 40% FM: -40 % Strength: 50 % Power: +85 % Thomson 2009[22] Trained college-aged males Non Monitored Assigned progressive resistance training program with 84 % compliance No No 9 weeks, 3 grams per day HMB-Ca No BIA Bench Press, Preacher Curl, and Leg Extension 1-RM FFM: 0.4 FM: – 3.8 Strength: 1.1-9.0 depending on lift Portal 2011[23] Elite adolescent volleyball players 13.5-18 yrs of age Combination of progressive, resistance, and endurance exercise Not reported No 7 weeks, 3 grams per day HMB-Ca No DXA Power on Wingate Strength of Bench Press and Leg Press Fat: PL = +3.5% Vs. HMB= −6.6% FFM: PL= no change Vs. HMB= +3.

All models include six GHGs regulated under the Kyoto Protocol and cover multi-sectors. However, the coverage of mitigation measures

differs from one to another. For example, GCAM and McKinsey include mitigation potentials considering carbon sinks in the Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) sector in the UNFCCC classification; however, AIM/Enduse[Global], DNE21+, and GAINS exclude mitigation potentials in LULUCF. In addition, resolutions of sectors and definitions of service demands Linsitinib solubility dmso in these sectors differ from one to another in some sectors. For example, DNE21+ and McKinsey divide the industry sector into steel, cement, paper and pulp, chemicals, and others, but AIM/Enduse

defines steel, cement, and others and GCAM defines cement and others based on the different purposes of development of each model. Table 1 Comparable variables used in this study   Items Socio-economic information Population, GPD Emissions Baseline emissions Mitigation potentials from baseline Mitigation potentials by sector under several carbon prices Energy consumptions Primary energy consumptions by energy type Major mitigation options Carbon capture and storage Global XMU-MP-1 molecular weight and major groups Global, OECD, Non-OECD, Annex I, Non-Annex I, Asia Major countries and regions USA, EU27, Russia, China, India, Japan Table 2 Overview of models participating Model Model type Regions Gases Sectors Organization Reference AIM/Enduse Bottom-up model Global 32 regions CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, nearly PFCs, SF6 Multi-sectors excluding LULUCF NIES, Japan Akashi and Hanaoka (2012) DNE21+ Bottom-up model Global 54 regions CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, SF6 Multi-sectors excluding LULUCF RITE, Japan Akimoto et al. (2012) GAINS Bottom-up model Annex I 40 regions CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, SF6 Multi-sectors excluding LULUCF IIASA, Austria Wagner et al. (2012) GCAM Hybrid model including bottom-up

Global 14 regions CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, SF6 Multi-sectors including LULUCF PNNL, US Thomson et al. (2011) McKinsey Bottom-up cost curves Global 21 regions CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, SF6 Multi-sectors including LULUCF McKinsey International McKinsey and Company (2009a, b) Harmonizing the baseline is an important issue but a complicated discussion on which to reach a consensus across the different models in Table 2, because model structures differ from each other, such as the difference of regional aggregations in the world regions, difference of sectoral resolutions, difference of units of various service demands and so on. Moreover, in a bottom-up type analysis, there are several ways to set a baseline scenario by explicitly describing technology features such as a fixed-technology scenario, a business-as-usual (BaU) scenario considering autonomous energy efficiency improvement.

To understand the effects of cobalt precursor on electrochemical performance of the corresponding Alvocidib in vitro Co-PPy-TsOH/C catalysts, many physicochemical techniques have been employed in this work. Figure 4 presents XRD patterns of the Co-PPy-TsOH/C catalysts prepared from various precursors, the standard data for CoO and α-Co are also shown for comparison. Four apparent characteristic peaks can be clearly observed at 2θ of 24.5°, 44.2°,

51.5°, and 75.8° in all of the synthesized catalysts, which could be assigned to C(002), Co(111), Co(200), and Co(220) plane. This suggests that cobalt in the Co-PPy-TsOH/C catalysts exists mainly as metallic α-Co with face-centered cubic (fcc) structure. The Co(111) and Co(200) peaks become sharper and sharper with the order of cobalt acetate, cobalt nitrate, cobalt chloride and cobalt oxalate, implying a growth in the crystallite size of metallic cobalt. Generally, an average crystallite size, d, can be estimated with the Shcherrer equation [27, 28]: (4) where λ is the wavelength of incident X-ray, θ is the incident angle of X-ray for a

specific mirror, and B is the half-peak width. In order to avoid the interference of CoO on the Co(111) plane, the Co(200) plane was adopted in this study to calculate the crystallite size of metallic cobalt. The calculated specific values are listed in Table 1. It can be inferred that the relativity of the crystallite size of metallic cobalt in the catalysts is exactly opposite to the trend of ORR performance. PCI-32765 clinical trial In addition, selleck chemicals llc two weak diffraction peaks observed at 2θ of 36.5° and 42.2° indicate the co-existence of a very small amount of CoO (PDF 43–1004) in the catalysts. Therefore, it could be figured out that the crystallite size of metallic cobalt in the catalysts has essential influence on the catalytic performance towards ORR, the smaller the crystallite size, the better the performance. A small-amount co-existence of CoO in the catalysts does not have an adverse effect on the performance. But on the contrary, it is probably that the synergetic effect between metallic cobalt and the oxide may effectively enhance

the catalytic performance as presented by previous researches [29, 30]. Figure 4 XRD patterns of Co-PPy-TsOH/C catalysts prepared from various cobalt precursors. Table 1 Crystallite size of metallic cobalt in Co-PPy-TsOH/C catalysts prepared from various cobalt precursors Cobalt precursor Crystallite size of metallic co/nm Cobalt acetate 0.4253 Cobalt nitrate 0.4947 Cobalt oxalate 0.6432 Cobalt chloride 0.6099 Figure 5 displays TEM images of the Co-PPy-TsOH/C catalysts prepared from various precursors. Small and uniformly distributed metallic cobalt particles can be clearly seen in the catalyst with cobalt acetate as precursor. Yet, when cobalt nitrate is used as the precursor, serious agglomeration of the catalyst particles can be found, the particle size even reaches as large as 50 nm.

Primers and probes Three RT-qPCR assays targeting the non-coding region at the 5’ end (5’-NCR) of HAV which have been described by Costafreda et al. [38], and adapted from Costafreda et al. [38] and Di Pasquale et al. [39, 40] were used. The sequences of the primer pairs and the TaqMan probes used were as follows: The HAV RT-qPCR assay A generates amplification products of 174 bp [38] and was recommended in the CEN/ISO/TS 15216 (qualitative / quantitative methods) for detection of HAV in foodstuffs. The sense primer (HAV68) was 5′-TCACCGCCGTTTGCCTAG-3′, the antisense

primer (HAV241) was 5′-GGAGAGCCCTGGAAGAAAG-3′ and the TaqMan probe (HAV150 -) was 5′-FAM-CCTGAACCTGCAGGAATTAA–MGB-3′. HAV RT-qPCR assay check details NSC23766 mouse B generates amplification products of 353 bp. It exhibits the same sense primer and probe as HAV RT-qPCR model A associated with another antisense

primer named HAV-399R: 5′ -GCCTAAGAGGTTTCACCCGTAG -3′ designed with Beacon Designer software. Finally, the HAV RT-qPCR assay C adapted from Di Pasquale et al. [39, 40] generates amplification products of 77 bp. The sense primer (HAVf ISS (459–478)) was 5′- GCGGCGGATATTGGTGAGTT-3′, the antisense primer (HAVr ISS (535–515)) was 5′- CAATGCATCCACTGGATGAGA-3′ and the TaqMan probe (HAVp ISS (484–511)) was 5′ ROX- Δ GACAAAAACCATTCAACGCCGGAGGACT-BHQ2-3′. When comparing to the model published by Di Pasquale et al. [39, 40], “Δ” corresponds to a deletion of 4 nucleotides and the nucleotides in bold corresponds to insertions. Three RT-qPCR assays targeting the rotaviruses were used. The RT-qPCR assay which has been described by Pang et al. [41] in the NSP3 region was used with a sense primer slightly modified with degenerated bases for matching with both human and simian strains. Thus, RV RT-qPCR assay A generates amplification products of 87 bp. The sense primer (Rota NVP3-F) (positions: 963–982) was 5′-RYCATCTAYRCATRACCCTC-3′, the Tangeritin antisense primer (Rota NVP3-R) (positions 1034–1049) was 5′-GGTCACATAACGCCCC-3′ and the TaqMan probe (positions 984–1016)

was 5′- FAM- ATGAGCACAATAGTTAAAAGCTAACACTGTCAA-BHQ1-3′. RV RT-qPCR assay B generates amplification products of 313 bp. It exhibits the same antisense primer and probe as RV RT-qPCR assay A associated with another sense primer named Rota NSP3-736 F : 5′-GARTGGTATYTAAGATCWATGGAAT-3′ designed with Beacon Designer software. RV RT-qPCR assay C designed in the NSP4 region with Beacon Designer software generates amplification products of 352 bp. The sense primer (rotaNSP4_166-188 F) was: 5′-ATTGCRYTGAAAACRTCAAAATG-3′, the antisense primer (rotaNSP4_517-493R) was: 5′-GCAGTCACTTCTYTTGGTTCATAAG-3′ and the TaqMan probe (rotaNSP4_486-462P) was 5′-ROX-YCCACTTTCCCAYTCTTCTAGCGTT-BHQ2-3′. Primers and probes were purchased from Eurofins (Les Ulis, France) and Applied Biosystems (Courtaboeuf, France).

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