Therefore, including a ΔrecF mutation in a Salmonella vaccine strain is unlikely to affect its immunogenicity. Our results with the S. Typhimurium ΔrecA strain are consistent with two previous, independent studies showing that recA mutations

reduce Salmonella virulence [51, 52]. To evaluate the potential effect of ΔrecA mutation on immunogenicity, mice inoculated with the recA mutant were challenged with a lethal dose of virulent wild-type Ro 61-8048 cell line S. Typhimurium. All the challenged mice survived, indicating that a ΔrecA mutant retains immunogenicity and therefore may be suitable for use in a vaccine. However, since it does not affect virulence, inclusion of a ΔrecF mutation into a Salmonella vector that has been attenuated by other means to reduce the frequency of intra- and interplasmid recombination, may be more desirable than a ΔrecA mutation. Studies are currently underway to investigate these possibilities. Our data show that ΔrecA and ΔrecF mutations resulted in reduced frequencies of intraplasmid recombination in all Salmonella strains tested, which included three serovars, when there was an intervening sequence between the direct duplications (Table 3). Our results also show that it is likely that deletions in recA, recF or recJ will not be useful for reducing interplasmid recombination in S. Typhi vaccine strains, since we did not observe

any reduction in interplasmid recombination frequency. This result was disappointing, since the majority of human trials with live Salmonella vaccines have focused on S. Typhi. In the case of S. Typhi, it appears that the best approach to preventing interplasmid selleck products recombination will be in the careful design of each plasmid, avoiding any stretches of homology. However, for vaccines based on S. Typhimurium or S. Paratyphi A, introduction of a ΔrecF mutation into attenuated Rolziracetam Salmonella vaccine strains carrying multiple plasmids is a useful approach to reduce unwanted plasmid/plasmid or plasmid/chromosome recombination without further attenuating the strain or negatively influencing its immunogenicity. The ΔrecA mutation had a similar or more pronounced effect on reducing various classes of recombination

and it clearly had an effect on virulence. We did not examine the effect of a ΔrecA mutation on the immunogenicity of a vectored antigen. Based on its effect on virulence, it may affect the immunogenicity of the vectored antigen in some attenuation backgrounds and therefore may not be applicable for all attenuation strategies. Conclusions In this study we showed that ΔrecA and ΔrecF mutations reduce intraplasmid recombination in S. Typhimurium, S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi while there is an intervening sequence between the duplicated sequences. The ΔrecA and ΔrecF mutations reduce interplasmid recombination in S. Typhimurium and S. Paratyphi but not in S. Typhi. The ΔrecF mutations also sharply reduce intraplasmid recombination between direct duplications in S. Typhi.

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Acknowledgements Supported by a Grant from the North Carolina Institute of Nutrition. Creatine monohydrate was generously provided by Experimental and Applied Sciences. References 1. Hultman E: Studies on muscle metabolism of glycogen and active phosphate in selleckchem man with special reference to exercise and

diet. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 1967, 19:1–63.CrossRef 2. Hultman E, Bergström J, Roche-Norland AE: Glycogen storage in human skeletal muscle, in Muscle metabolism during exercise. Edited by: Pernow B, Saltin B. Plenum: New York; 1971:273–288. 3. Balsom P, Ekblom B, Sjödin B, Hultman E: Creatine supplementation and dynamic high-intensity intermittent exercise. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 1993, 3:143–149. 4. Kraemer

WJ, Volek JS: Creatine supplementation. Its role in human performance. GSK872 in vitro Clinics in Sports Medicine 1999,18(3):651–66.CrossRefPubMed 5. Vandenberghe K, Gillis N, Van Leemputte M, Van Hecke P, Vanstapel F, Hespel P: Caffeine counteracts the ergogenic action of muscle creatine loading. J Appl Physiol 1996,80(2):452–457.PubMed 6. Greenhaff PL, Bodin K, Söderlund K, Hultman E: Effect of oral creatine supplementation on skeletal muscle phosphocreatine resynthesis. Am J Physiol 1994, 266:E725-E730.PubMed 7. Hultman E, Söderlund K, Timmons JA, Cederblad G, Greenhaff PL: Muscle creatine loading in men. J Appl Physiol 1996,81(1):232–237.PubMed 8. Engelhardt M, Neumann G, Berbalk A, Reuter I: Creatine supplementation in endurance sports. Thymidylate synthase Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998, 7:1123–1129. 9. Rico-Sanz J, Marco MTM: Creatine enhances oxygen uptake and performance during alternating intensity exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2000,32(2):379–385.CrossRefPubMed 10. Vandebuerie F, Vanden Eynde B, Vandenberghe K, Hespel P: Effect of creatine loading on endurance capacity and sprint power in cyclists. Int J Sports Med 1998, 19:490–495.CrossRefPubMed 11. Godly A: Effects of creatine

supplementation on endurance cycling combined with short, high-intensity bouts. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1994.,26(S5): 12. Myburgh KH, Bold A, Bellinger B, Wilson G, Noakes T: Creatine supplementation and sprint training in cyclists. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1996, 28:S81. 13. Balsom PD, Söderlund K, Sjödin B, Ekblom B: Skeletal muscle metabolism during short duration high-intensity exercise: influence of creatine supplementation. Acta Physiol Scand 1995, 154:303–310.CrossRefPubMed 14. Casey A, Constantin-Teodosiu D, Howell S, Hultman E, Greenhaff PL: Creatine ingestion favorably affects performance and muscle metabolism during maximal exercise in humans. Am J Physiol 1996, 271:E31-E37.PubMed 15. Harris RC, Edwards RHT, Hultman E, Nordesjö LO, Nylind B, Sahlin K: The time course of phosphorylcreatine resynthesis during recovery of the quadriceps muscle in man. Pflügers Archiv 1976, 367:137–142.CrossRefPubMed 16.

The slice thickness was 6 mm with a 1.2 mm interslice gap (forty slices) with a FOV of 40 × 32 or 40 × 40 cm depending on the arm’s size. Scan time for both scans was 3 minutes and 18 seconds. The MRI images from each site were saved in a DICOM format on an optical disc and sent to a central imaging facility for analysis. The muscle CSA of the thigh and arm was determined by manually tracing the margins of the muscles (all muscle compartments Selleckchem SN-38 were included) and the external margin of the bone (periosteal

border). The muscle CSA was obtained by subtracting the total bone area from total muscle area at pre- and post-training. Analyses were performed by the same investigator using public domain software – Image J 1.33u (National Institutes of Health, USA). CSA of two slices per site were determined with the mean of the two slices used for statistical analyses. The slices were selected from the mid-point of the thigh and the mid-point of the arm (just distal to the deltoid insertion). To ensure that the slices analyzed pre- and post-training were taken from the same section of the thigh, the slice tangentially to the femoral head was used as an anatomical marker (first slice) and then this website numbered slice-by-slice distally. Two images mid-thigh were selected from each subject

and their numbers recorded and used to locate the same slice during post-testing. The ninth and tenth axial slices of the thigh were selected for most subjects. The same procedure was used for the arm with the slice tangentially to the humeral head used as an anatomical marker (first slice). The twelfth and thirteenth axial slices of the arm were selected for most subjects. In two subjects, for which the number Mirabegron of slices between the first slice and the pre-training selected slices didn’t match (different anatomical position) during pre- and post-testing, images from the pre-training were compared to the post-training scans until an identical anatomical match was found. Training Program Subjects

assigned to both the CI and DI groups performed the same exercises, number of sets and exercises, and repetitions per set during 8-week monitored training period. The CI group trained with 2-minute rest intervals between sets all 8-weeks, 6 days per week using 4 sets of 8-10 RM for each exercise. The exercises and training days included the following: Monday and Thursday (free-weight bench press, free-weight incline bench press, machine wide grip front lat pull down and machine seated row), Tuesday and Friday (free-weight front military press, dumbbell shoulder lateral raise, biceps barbell curl, alternating biceps curl with dumbbells, triceps extension on a pulley machine with a v-shaped handle and lying triceps extension with a barbell), and Wednesday and Saturday (free-weight back squat, leg extension machine, leg curl machine and abdominal crunch).

References 1. Luo MJ, Lai MD: Identification of differentially expressed genes in normal mucosa, adenoma and adenocarcinoma of colon by SSH. World J Gastroenterol 2001, 7:726–31.PubMed 2. Murphy M, Pykett MJ, Harnish P, Zang KD, Ion Channel Ligand Library George DL: Identification and characterization of genes differentially expressed in meningiomas. Cell Growth Differ 1993, 4:715–22.PubMed 3. Baxter RC, Binoux MA, Clemmons DR, Conover CA, Drop SL, Holly

JM, Mohan S, Oh Y, Rosenfeld RG: Recommendations for nomenclature of the insulin-like growth factor binding protein superfamily. Endocrinology 1998, 139:4036.PubMedCrossRef 4. Swisshelm K, Ryan K, Tsuchiya K, Sager R: Enhanced expression of an insulin growth factor-like binding protein (mac25) in senescent human mammary Tipifarnib mw epithelial cells and induced expression with retinoic acid. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995, 92:4472–6.PubMedCrossRef 5. Akaogi K, Okabe Y, Sato J, Nagashima Y, Yasumitsu H, Sugahara K, Miyazaki K: Specific accumulation of tumor-derived adhesion factor in tumor blood vessels and in capillary tube-like structures of cultured vascular

endothelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996, 93:8384–9.PubMedCrossRef 6. Yamauchi T, Umeda F, Masakado M, Isaji M, Mizushima S, Nawata H: Purification and molecular cloning of prostacyclin-stimulating factor from serum-free conditioned medium of human diploid fibroblast cells. Biochem J 1994,303(Pt2):591–8.PubMed 7. Ruan W, Xu E, Xu F, Ma Y, Deng H, Huang Q, Lv B, Hu H, Lin J, C-X-C chemokine receptor type 7 (CXCR-7) Cui J, Di M, Dong J, Lai M: IGFBP7 Plays a Potential Tumor Suppressor Role in Colorectal Carcinogenesis. Cancer Biol Ther 2007., 6: 8. Ma Y, Lu B, Ruan W, Wang H, Lin J, Hu H, Deng H, Huang Q, Lai M: Tumor suppressor gene insulin-like growth factor binding

protein-related protein 1 (IGFBP-rP1) induces senescence-like growth arrest in colorectal cancer cells. Exp Mol Pathol 2008, 85:141–5.PubMedCrossRef 9. Xu F, Wang F, Di M, Huang Q, Wang M, Hu H, Jin Y, Dong J, Lai M: Classification based on the combination of molecular and pathologic predictors is superior to molecular classification on prognosis in colorectal carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2007, 13:5082–8.PubMedCrossRef 10. Kato MV: A secreted tumor-suppressor, mac25, with activin-binding activity. Mol Med 2000, 6:126–35.PubMedCrossRef 11. Kato MV, Sato H, Tsukada T, Ikawa Y, Aizawa S, Nagayoshi M: A follistatin-like gene, mac25, may act as a growth suppressor of osteosarcoma cells. Oncogene 1996, 12:1361–4.PubMed 12. Sprenger CC, Damon SE, Hwa V, Rosenfeld RG, Plymate SR: Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-related protein 1 (IGFBP-rP1) is a potential tumor suppressor protein for prostate cancer. Cancer Res 1999, 59:2370–5.PubMed 13.

The exhaustive exercise period consisted of a 30-second Wingate Anaerobic Power test, maximal number of push-ups for one-minute and the maximal number of sit-ups within a one-minute period. To examine the effect of prolonged supplementation subjects continued to consume

either the supplement or placebo every day for four consecutive weeks. At the end of 4-weeks of supplementation subjects reported back to the Human Performance Laboratory and repeated the testing protocol. The testing sequence is depicted in Figure 1. Figure 1 Testing Session. Reaction Test Reaction time was assessed using the Makoto testing device (Makoto USA, Centennial GW-572016 chemical structure CO). The Makoto device is triangular in shape that is eight feet from base to apex. It consists of three steel towers that are six feet high. Each tower contains ten targets. For each test the subject stood in the middle of the triangle and faced one of the towers with the other two in his/her peripheral vision. The reaction test began with a loud auditory stimulus. During the next four minutes subjects were required to react to both a visual

(targets light up) and auditory (loud gong) stimulus. As the gong sounded and the light on the target lit up the subject was required to lunge and make contact with the target with their hands. Subjects had to make contact to the target prior to the light and sound stopping. If the subject made contact with the target within the required time it was registered as a ‘hit’. Subjects were required to make as many contacts as possible within the 4-min period. All subjects AR-13324 solubility dmso completed familiarization sessions on the Makoto device prior to entering the study. To enroll in the study subjects were required to achieve 65% success rate at level 8 on the Makoto device for two consecutive sessions. Subjects performed on average 4.1 ± 0.8 familiarization sessions. 3-oxoacyl-(acyl-carrier-protein) reductase To maintain technique and skill on the Makoto device during the 4-week supplementation period subjects continued to perform a single 4-minute trial once per week. Anaerobic Power Measure To quantify anaerobic

power performance all subjects performed a modified Wingate Anaerobic Power test (Lode Excalibur, Groningen, The Netherlands). After a warm-up period of 5 min of pedaling at 60 rpm interspersed with an all-out sprint lasting 5 s, the subjects pedaled for 30 sec at maximal speed against a constant force (1.0 Nm·kg-1). Peak power, mean power, time to peak power, total work and a fatigue index were determined. Peak power was defined as the highest mechanical power output elicited during the test. Mean power was defined as the average mechanical power during the 30 sec test. Fatigue index was determined by dividing the highest power output by the lowest power output. Questionnaires Subjects were instructed to assess their subjective feelings of energy, fatigue, alertness, and focus using a 15 cm visual analog scale (VAS).

References 1. Gerber JS, Coffin SE, Smathers SA, Zaoutis TE. Trends in the incidence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in children’s hospitals in the United States. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49:65–71.PubMedCrossRef 2. Hidayat LK, Hsu DI, Quist R, Shriner KA, Wong-Beringer A. High dose vancomycin therapy for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections: efficacy and toxicity. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166:2138–44.PubMedCrossRef 3. Ryback M, Lomaestro B, Rotschafer JC, et al. Therapeutic monitoring

of vancomycin in adult patients: a consensus review of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, the Infectious Diseases Society of American, and the Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists.

Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2009;66:82–98.CrossRef 4. BV-6 Geraci JE, Heilman FR, Nichols DR, Wellman WE. Antibiotic therapy of bacterial endocarditis. VII. Vancomycin for acute micrococcal endocarditis: preliminary report. Proc Staff Meet Mayo Clin. 1958;33:172–81.PubMed 5. Kralovicova K, Spanik S, Halko J. Do vancomycin serum levels predict failures of vancomycin therapy or nephrotoxicity in cancer patients? GANT61 J Chemother. 1997;9:420–6.PubMed 6. Zimmermann AE, Katona BG, Plaisance KI. Association of vancomycin serum concentrations with outcomes in patients with gram-positive bacteremia. Pharmacotherapy. 1995;15:85–91.PubMed 7. Elting LS, Rubenstein EB, Kurtin D, et al. Mississippi mud in the 1990s: risks and outcomes of vancomycin-associated toxicity in general oncology practice.

Cancer. 1998;83:2597–607.PubMedCrossRef 8. Hermsen ED, Hanson M, Sankaranarayanan J, Stoner JA, Florescu MC, Rupp ME. Clinical outcomes and nephrotoxicity associated with vancomycin trough concentrations during treatment of deep-seated infections. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2010;9:9–14.PubMedCrossRef 9. Jeffries MN, Isakow W, Doherty JA, Micek ST, Kollef MH. A retrospective analysis of possible renal toxicity associated with vancomycin in patients with health care-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia. Diflunisal Clin Ther. 2007;29:1107–15.CrossRef 10. Lodise TP, Lomaestro B, Graves J, Drusano GL. Larger vancomycin doses (at least 4 grams per day) are associated with an increased incidence of nephrotoxicity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008;52:1330–6.PubMedCrossRef 11. Concato J, Feinstein AR, Holford TR. The risk of determining risk with multivariable models. Ann Intern Med. 1993;118:201–10.PubMedCrossRef 12. American Thoracic Society. Infectious Diseases Society of America. Guidelines for the management of adults with hospital-acquired, ventilator-associated, and healthcare-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005;171:388–416.CrossRef 13. Lodise TP, Patel N, Lomaestro BM, Rodvold KA, Drusano GL.

Certainly, the rake angle dictates the chip formation/flow direction, and also, the chip geometries are somehow different among the three cases. By examining the equivalent stress distributions in the affected zones, it can be found that the primary shear zone becomes more Quizartinib supplier distinguishable from the secondary shear zone when the rake angle changes from negative to positive. Also, the affected uncut zone ahead of the cutting tool becomes shallower when the rake angle changes from negative to positive. This indicates the severity of compression effect in the affected uncut zone. Figure 6 Chip formations and equivalent stress distributions in nano-scale polycrystalline machining for case C12. At the tool travel

distances of (a) 30, (b) 120, and (c) 240 Å. Figure 7 Chip formations and equivalent stress distributions in selleck nano-scale polycrystalline machining for case C13. At the tool travel distances of (a) 30, (b) 120, and (c) 240 Å. Similarly, the cutting force evolutions

are compared to illustrate the effect of tool rake angle. As shown in Figure 8a,b, as the tool rake angle changes from -30° to 0°, and then to +30°, both the tangential force F x and the thrust force F y decrease and the deduction of thrust force is more pronounced. The average F x and F y values are also calculated to make a more direct comparison. As shown in Table 5, with the -30°, 0°, and +30° tool rake angles, the average tangential forces are 412.16, 338.73, and 280.80 eV/Å, respectively, and the thrust force values are 353.59, 132.68, and 19.43 eV/Å, respectively. The ratio

of tangential force to thrust force, F x /F y , increases from 1.17 to 14.45 as the rake angle changes from -30° to +30°. Clearly, the more drastic compression effect between tool and workpiece induced by the negative rake angle causes much higher thrust force compared to the cases with zero or positive tool rake angle. As the rake angle becomes more negative, the thrust force learn more needs to increase more significantly compared to the tangential force to overcome the plastic deformation resistance of the work material under the tool tip. This result is consistent with the literature on conventional machining and nano-scale monocrystalline machining [35, 36]. Figure 8 Evolution of cutting forces for three cases with three rake angles. (a) Tangential force, F x  and (b) thrust force, F y . Table 5 Average cutting force values with respect to tool rake angle Case number Tool rake angle (deg) F x (eV/Å) F y (eV/Å) F x /F y C4 -30 412.16 353.59 1.17 C12 0 338.73 132.68 2.55 C13 +30 280.80 19.43 14.45 Effect of machining speed The effect of machining speed can be analyzed by comparing cases C4, C8, and C9, which employ the machining speeds of 400, 100, and 25 m/s, respectively. The chip formation and equivalent stress distribution for case C4 is already shown in Figure 3. Figures 9 and 10 depict the results of cases C8 and C9, respectively.

Colony similar to that on CMD, with wavy margin, mycelium denser and faster on the agar surface, after a week degenerating, many hyphae appearing empty. Aerial hyphae inconspicuous, more frequent and long along the colony margin. Autolytic

activity and coilings absent C59 wnt or inconspicuous, more frequent at higher temperatures. No diffusing pigment, no distinct odour produced. Chlamydospores seen after 3–6 days at 25°C, frequent, terminal and intercalary, (5–)6–10(–13) × (3.5–)5–8(–12) μm, l/w (0.9–)1.0–1.4(–1.9) (n = 40), globose, ellipsoidal or fusoid. Conidiation noted after 3–4 days at 25°C, earlier at higher temperatures, in many amorphous, loose white cottony tufts mostly median from the plug outwards, confluent to masses up to 17 mm long; white, turning green, 27CD3–4, 27E5–6, 28CE5–8, from inside after 4–5 days; conidiation becoming dense within the tufts, loose at their white margins first with long, straight or slightly sinuous, sterile ends in the periphery, projecting 50–150(–300) μm from the tuft margins when young, sterile and beset with minute droplets along their length, mostly becoming fertile and incorporated into the tufts. Tufts consisting of a loose reticulum

with mostly unpaired branches often in right angles, giving rise to several main axes. Main axes up to 0.6 mm long, regularly MK-8776 purchase tree-like, with few or many paired or unpaired side branches often in right angles, mostly (30–)40–110(–150) Pyruvate dehydrogenase μm long, progressively longer from the top down, regularly tree-like at lower levels. Branches (1.5–)2.0–4.0(–5) mm wide, flexuous; apparent paired branches or phialides often not strictly opposite but slightly shifted on the axis. Branching points often thickened to 4.5–7(–9) μm, particularly in older tufts. Phialides generally solitary along main axes

and side branches, also often on cells that resemble phialides, sometimes paired, in terminal position of the main axes sometimes in whorls of 2–3, often cruciform, or up to four in pseudo-whorls, i.e. including unicellular branches, each of which produces a phialide. Phialides (3.7–)4.7–7.8(–10.5) × (2.3–)2.5–3.0(–3.4) μm, l/w (1.3–)1.6–3.0(–4.4), (0.9–)1.2–2.0(–2.2) μm wide at the base (n = 70), lageniform or ampulliform, symmetric, straight or slightly curved, often distinctly widened in the middle, base often constricted, neck short, less commonly long. Conidia produced in minute heads <20 μm diam, (2.7–)3.0–3.7(–5.2) × (1.8–)2.0–2.5(–2.7) μm, l/w (1.1–)1.3–1.7(–2.1) (n = 90), at first hyaline, turning yellow-green, oblong or ellipsoidal, rarely cylindrical with constricted sides, smooth, eguttulate or with minute guttules, scar indistinct, size uniform. At 15°C colony irregular in shape, loose; conidiation in green 26–27DE4–5, confluent tufts similar to those at 25°C; chlamydospores numerous in narrow hyphae.

tuberculosis genotypic families and further linked to “”ancient”" and “”modern”" lineages of tubercle bacilli as defined by PGG based selleck chemicals on KatG463-gyrA95 polymorphism [25], inferred from the reported linking of specific spoligotype patterns to PGG1,

2 or 3 [26–28]. HIV testing HIV testing was performed according to the recommendations by the Ministry of Health, Mozambique at the Sanitary Unit of enrolment. Two rapid HIV tests were used sequentially, Unigold Recombinant HIV (Trinity Biotech, Wicklow, Ireland) and Determine HIV-1/2 (Abbot, Tokyo, Japan). Samples were tested first with Determine and reported only when negative. Positive samples were confirmed with Unigold. All tests were performed and interpreted according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Acknowledgements This study was funded by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency through the Eduardo Mondlane University and Karolinska Institutet Research and Training collaboration, the Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation, and the Swedish Research Council. We thank the staff of the National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Mozambique,

who assisted in sample processing and culture, in particular Dr. Elisabeth Coelho, Mr. Salomão and Mrs Mercedes, and the staff of the Center Selleckchem Ralimetinib of Biotechnology, Eduardo Mondlane University, Mozambique who assisted in the molecular typing. VH was awarded a Ph.D. fellowship by the European Social Funds through the Regional Council of Guadeloupe. The SITVIT2 database project was partially financed by the Regional Council of Guadeloupe (CR/08-1612: Biodiversité et Risque Infectieux dans les modèles insulaires). Electronic supplementary material Additional file 1: Description of the orphan strains (n = 49)

and corresponding spoligotyping defined lineages. (DOC 88 KB) Additional file Etomidate 2: Description of 98 shared types from Mozambique. A total of 79 SITs containing 368 isolates matched a preexisting shared type (SIT) in the SITVIT2 database, whereas 19 SITs (containing 28 Isolates) were newly-created either within the present study or after a match with an orphan in the database. (DOC 183 KB) References 1. Global tuberculosis control – epidemiology, strategy, financing. WHO Report 2009. 2. Comas I, Homolka S, Niemann S, Gagneux S: Genotyping of genetically monomorphic bacteria: DNA sequencing in mycobacterium tuberculosis highlights the limitations of current methodologies. PLoS One 2009,4(11):e7815.PubMedCrossRef 3. Kamerbeek J, Schouls L, Kolk A, van Agterveld M, van Soolingen D, Kuijper S, Bunschoten A, Molhuizen H, Shaw R, Goyal M, et al.: Simultaneous detection and strain differentiation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis for diagnosis and epidemiology. J Clin Microbiol 1997,35(4):907–914.PubMed 4. World Health Organization: Multidrug and Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis: 2010 Global Report on Surveillance and Response. 5.