Two patients died during follow-up; one

at 58 days due to cessation of dialysis and one at 485 days due to stent graft migration and occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery. There were two deaths in the first year, one in the second year, and zero in the most recent year of experience. One patient with endoleak (2%) had aneurysm sac expansion at 1 year requiring secondary GSK461364 mouse intervention.

Conclusions: PMEG is a safe and effective alternative for treating patients with juxtarenal aneurysms who have no other alternatives for repair. Longer-term follow-up is needed to assess the durability of repair and potential for device-related complications. (J Vasc Surg 2012;56:601-7.)”
“Humans detect faces with direct gaze more rapidly than they do faces with averted

gaze. Evidence suggests that the visual information of faces with direct gaze reaches conscious awareness faster than that of faces with averted gaze. This suggests that faces with direct gaze are effectively processed in the brain before they MAPK inhibitor reach conscious awareness; however, it is unclear how the unconscious perception of faces with direct gaze is processed in the brain. To address this unanswered question, we recorded event-related potentials while observers viewed faces with direct or averted gaze that were either visible or rendered invisible during continuous flash suppression. We observed that invisible faces with direct gaze elicited significantly larger negative deflections than did invisible faces with averted gaze at 200, 250, and 350 ms over the parietofrontal electrodes, whereas we did not observe such effects when facial images were visible. Our results IWR-1 concentration suggest that the visual information of faces with direct gaze is preferentially processed in the brain when they are presented unconsciously. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The role of specific cleavage of transcription repressor proteins by proteases and how this may be related to the emerging theme of dinucleotides as cellular signaling molecules is poorly characterized. The transcription repressor NmrA of Aspergillus nidulans discriminates between oxidized and reduced dinucleotides, however,

dinucleotide binding has no effect on its interaction with the zinc finger in the transcription activator AreA. Protease activity in A. nidulans was assayed using NmrA as the substrate, and was absent in mycelium grown under nitrogen sufficient conditions but abundant in mycelium starved of nitrogen. One of the proteases was purified and identified as the protein Q5BAR4 encoded by the gene AN2366.2. Fluorescence confocal microscopy showed that the nuclear levels of NmrA were reduced approximately 38% when mycelium was grown on nitrate compared to ammonium and absent when starved of nitrogen. Proteolysis of NmrA occurred in an ordered manner by preferential digestion within a C-terminal surface exposed loop and subsequent digestion at other sites.

This finding has implications for genetic counseling and represents a case of genetic compensation in a

human genomic disorder.”
“Bile metabolites are widely accepted as measures of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and have also been used to assess exposure find more to alkyl phenols (AP). The aim of this study was to clarify relationships between exposure (through water or diet) and subsequent accumulation of specific PAH and AP metabolites in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Atlantic cod were exposed through water or diet to a synthetic mixture of PAH, alkylated PAH, and AP, simulating the composition of North Sea produced water (formation water; separated from oil or gas on the platform). Fish were exposed through water for 11 mo and the results reported here are from 2 and 8 mo. Fish were subjected to one of four exposures: control, low, high, or pulsed high. Bile samples were analyzed by gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (GC/MS-ToF) for identification of PAH and AP metabolites. Cod exposed through diet were divided into six groups receiving different groups of compounds (AP, PAH, or alkylated PAH), a mixture of all compounds, a low-concentration mixture, and controls. A dose-dependent relationship was found www.selleckchem.com/products/E7080.html for metabolites for most of the PAH and AP, although results were less clear for the more volatile substances such as phenol and naphthalene. The Silmitasertib cell line concentration of bile metabolites

from fish exposed through water rose with increasing lipophilicity, but this relationship was less clear for fish exposed through diet. Overall, data indicated that bile metabolites of AP and PAH in fish are reliable markers of both water exposure and dietary

exposure to such substances, although with the possible exception of the more volatile species such as phenol and naphthalene.”
“A 39-year-old female executive has a several-month history of fatigue, headache, and memory lapse. Multiple specialists have performed evaluations, but no diagnosis has been established. During a period of feeling worse than usual, she called a friend, who arrived at the residence to find the woman semicomatose and called 911. The patient was given supplemental oxygen and transported to the emergency department, where she is alert and has nonfocal findings on examination. Her carboxyhemoglobin level is 18%. How should she be treated? What is the expected outcome?”
“Increased pinniped and dolphin mortality rates have led to speculations that persistent pollutants, in particular polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), are immunomodulatory, making individuals susceptible to infections. The aim of the present study was to investigate effects that PCB may exert on peripheral blood mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation responses in free-ranging gray seal (Halichoerus grypus) pups from the polluted Baltic Sea and from the cleaner open waters of the Atlantic Ocean.

Adult wild type male C57BL/6 mice were i.v. administered PBS, bone marrow stromal cells 5 x 10(5), DETA-NONOate 0.4 mg/kg selleck products or combination DETA-NONOate with bone marrow stromal cells (n=12/group) after middle cerebral artery occlusion. Combination

treatment significantly upregulated angiopoietin-1/Tie2 and tight junction protein (occludin) expression, and increased the number, diameter and perimeter of blood vessels in the ischemic brain compared with vehicle control (mean +/- S.E., P<0.05). In vitro, DETA-NONOate significantly increased angiopoietin-1/Tie2 protein (n=6/group) and Tie2 mRNA (n=3/group) expression in bone marrow stromal cells. DETA-NONOate also significantly increased angiopoietin-1 protein (n=6/group) and mRNA (n=3/group) expression in mouse brain endothelial cells (P<0.05). Angiopoietin-1 mRNA (n=3/group) was significantly increased in mouse brain endothelial cells treated with DETA-NONOate in combination with bone marrow stromal cell-conditioned medium compared with cells treated

with bone marrow stromal cell-conditioned medium or DETA-NONOate alone. Mouse brain endothelial cell capillary tube-like formation assays (n=6/group) showed that angiopoietin-1 peptide, the supernatant of bone marrow stromal cells CDK inhibitor and DETA-NONOate significantly increased capillary tube formation compared with vehicle control. Combination treatment significantly increased capillary tube formation compared with DETA-NONOate treatment alone.

Inhibition of angiopoietin-1 significantly attenuated combination treatment-induced find more tube formation. Our data indicated that combination treatment of stroke with DETA-NONOate and bone marrow stromal cells promotes neovascularization, which is at least partially mediated by upregulation of the angiopoietin-1/Tie2 axis. (C) 2008 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Receptor specificity determines the role of vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs), which either induce angiogenesis via VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 receptors or lymphangiogenesis via the VEGFR-3 receptor. Among the VEGFs, VEGF-A and VEGF-B predominantly induce angiogenesis while VEGF-C and VEGF-D induce lymphangiogenesis. The answer for the question of why VEGF-C and VEGF-D are not able to bind VEGFR-1 and behave as angiogenic growth factors may hide behind the details of the tertiary structures of these proteins. In the present study, the tertiary structure of human VEGF-C protein was modelled and the model was compared with the known human VEGF-A tertiary structure. In overall, the modelled structure highly resembled the structure of VEGF-A. The respective key residues that are involved in cysteine-knot motif formation in VEGF-A are similarly located and identically oriented in VEGF-C, indicating the presence of a VEGF-A-like homodimer.

Published by Elsevier Ltd.”
“A wheat germ cell-free extract was used to perform in vitro translation of human stearoyl-CoA desaturase in the presence of unilamelar liposomes, and near complete transfer of the expressed integral membrane protein into the liposome was observed. Moreover, co-translation of the desaturase along with human cytochrome b(5) led

to transfer of both membrane proteins into the liposomes. A simple, single step purification via centrifugation in a density gradient yielded proteoliposomes with the desaturase in high purity as judged by capillary electrophoresis. After in vitro reconstitution of the non-heme iron and heme active sites, the function of the reconstituted enzyme complex was demonstrated by conversion

of stearoyl-CoA to oleoyl-CoA. This simple translation approach obviates the use of detergents or other lipids to stabilize and isolate a catalytically Necrostatin-1 active integral membrane 8-Bromo-cAMP purchase enzyme. The applicability of cell-free translation to the assembly and purification of other integral membrane protein complexes is discussed. (c) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“We investigated the effect of neck flexion on discriminative and cognitive processing in postural control during bilateral arm movement while standing, using event-related potential (ERP) and electromyogram. Fourteen healthy subjects flexed their arms to the target stimuli with a 20% probability in neck resting and flexion positions. Amplitude and latency of N2 and P3, anterior deltoid (AD) reaction time, onset

time of postural muscles with respect to AD activation, and peak amplitude and latency of all muscles were measured. With neck flexion, N2 and P3 amplitudes increased, N2 and P3 latencies and AD reaction time shortened, and onset times of all postural muscles became earlier. No significant differences in peak amplitude and latency of each muscle were Cyclopamine in vitro found between neck positions. Significant positive correlations were found in changes with neck flexion between P3 latency and AD reaction time, and between N2 latency and onset time of erector spinae. These suggest that with neck flexion, attention allocation to discriminative and cognitive processing increased, and the processing speed increased with shortening of reaction time in focal muscles. In addition, the onset time of postural muscles became earlier without changing the activation pattern, which was associated with the hastened discriminative processing. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“We model the evolution of the division of a resource between two individuals, according to a bargaining mechanism akin to the ultimatum game, in which a dominant proposer makes an offer that his partner can only accept or refuse. Individuals are randomly drawn from an infinite population and paired two-by-two. In each pair, a proposer is chosen. The proposer offers a division of resources to his partner.

Interestingly, the KO hearts exhibited increased expression of

enzymes involved in the citric acid cycle, catabolism of branched-chain amino acids, ketone body utilization and pyruvate decarboxylation. This constitutes evidence of metabolic compensation due to decreased expression of electron transport proteins. There was also pronounced up-regulation of proteins involved in stress protection, such as a variety of chaperones, as well as altered expression of proteins involved in cellular structure, motility and general metabolism. This is the first report of the molecular changes at the protein level which could be involved in the cardiomyopathy of the frataxin KO mouse.”
“Oncogenically transformed Ispinesib in vivo cells overexpress the non-coding RNAs, such as pre-ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and transfer RNA (tRNA), which are produced by RNA polymerases (Pols) I and III. Recent results indicate that levels of pre-rRNA have prognostic value and that a tRNA has oncogenic potential. Transcription by Pols I and III is restrained in healthy cells by the tumour suppressors RB, p53, ARF and PTEN. Such restraints are compromised during cell transformation and the problem is accentuated by oncogene products, such as c-Myc, that stimulate the output of Pol I and Pol III. The resultant increases in rRNA and tRNA expression might promote

the generation of cancers.”
“In selleck chemicals llc the CA1 region of the rat hippocampus, metabotropic glutamate receptor-5 (mGluR5) and cannabinoid-1 receptors (CB1Rs) are believed to participate in long-term synaptic depression (LTD). How mGluRs and CB1Rs interact to promote LTD remains uncertain. In this study, we examined LTD induced by CB1R agonists, mGluR5 agonists, and low-frequency electrical stimulation (LFS) of the Schaffer collateral pathway. Synthetic CB1R agonists learn more induced robust LTD that was mimicked by the endocannabinoid (EC), noladin ether (NLDE), but

not by anandamide. 2-Arachidonylglycerol (2AG) produced only a small degree of LTD. The selective mGluR5 agonist, namely (RS)-2-chloro-5-hydroxyphenylglycine (CHPG), also induced robust LTD, and CHPG and NLDE occluded each other’s effects. Similarly, CHPG and NLDE occluded LFS-induced LTD, and LTD resulting from all three treatments was blocked by a CB1R antagonist. CHPG-LTD and NLDE-LTD were insensitive to N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) block, even though LFS-LTD requires NMDARs. LTD induced by LFS or CHPG, but not NLDE-LTD, was blocked by a selective mGluR5 antagonist. (RS)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG), a less selective group I mGluR agonist, also induced LTD, but its effects were not blocked by mGluR5 or CB1R antagonists. Furthermore, DHPG-LTD was additive with LFS-LTD and CHGP-LTD.

5-HT1A receptor antagonist p-MPPI pretreatment (1 mg/kg i.p.) diminished hypothermia produced by centrally administered m-CPBG (40 nmol i.c.v.). The data suggest the cross-talk between 5-HT1A and 5-HT3 receptors in the mechanism of 5-HT-related hypothermia. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The sliding filament and crossbridge theories do not suffice to explain a number of muscle experiments. For example, from the entire muscle to myofibrils, predictions of these theories were shown to underestimate the force output during and after active tissue stretch. The converse applies to active tissue shortening.

In addition

to the crossbridge PRT062607 price cycle, we propose that another molecular mechanism is effective in sarcomere force generation. We suggest that, when

due to activation, myosin binding sites are available on actin, the giant protein titin’s PEVK region attaches itself to the actin filament at those sites. As a the molecular spring length is dramatically reduced. This leads to increased passive force when result, the sarcomere is stretched and to decreased or even negative passive force when the sarcomere shortens. Moreover, during shortening, the proposed mechanism interferes with active-force production by inhibiting selleck chemical crossbridges.

Incorporation of a simple ‘sticky-spring’ mechanism model into a Hill-type model of sarcomere dynamics offers explanations for several force-enhancement and Lonafarnib cell line force-depression effects. For example, the increase of the sarcomere force compared to the force predicted solely by the sliding filament and crossbridge theories depends on the stretch amplitude and on the working range. The same applies to the decrease of sarcomere force during and after

shortening. Using only literature data for its parameterization, the model predicts forces similar to experimental results. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Aims: To test the hypothesis that uridine 5′-triphosphate (UTP) had a protective effect on cerebral ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury in rats. Methods: Ischemia was induced by intraluminal suture of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). UTP solution was delivered through an indwelling tail venous catheter via microinfusion pump 30 min after the occlusion of MCA at a rate of 0.5 ml/100g/min. Neurological deficit score (NDS) and brain water content were determined 24 h after reperfusion. Infarct volume was determined by 2,3,5-triphenyl-tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and nerve cell death was studied under an electron microscope. Results: There was a dose-dependent relationship among 10, 30 and 90 mu g/kg UTP. The 90 mu g/kg UTP had the best protective effect among the 3 groups. We compared 90 mu g/kg UTP group with normal saline group and found that UTP had a protective effect on cerebral IR by the results of TTC staining (15.9% vs 30.5%, P < 0.01).

e. physical stimulation). Interestingly, only postsurgical housing effect on post-operative pain was developed during clinical and experimental studies while little is known on the influence of preoperative housing. In this study, our aim was to investigate the influence of housing conditions prior to an operation on the development of postoperative pain, using a rat model of carrageenan-induced inflammatory

pain. Four housing conditions were used: a 3-week pre-housing in standard conditions (S-) followed by a post-housing in an EE: a 3-week pre-housing in EE followed by a post-operation S-housing: a pre- and post-housing in EE; a pre- buy Volasertib and post-S-housing. The development of mechanical allodynia was assessed by the means of the von Frey test, preoperatively and

at day post-operative (DPO) 1, 3, 7, 10, 14, 17, 21, 24 and 28. Our results show that a 3-week preoperative exposure to EE leads to a significant reduction in the duration of the carrageenan-induced mechanical allodynia, comparable with a post-operative exposure to EE. Strikingly, when rats were housed in EE prior to as well as after the carrageenan injection into the knee, mechanical allodynia lasted only 2 weeks. as compared CH5183284 datasheet to 4 weeks in S-housed rats. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Purpose: We studied the effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in children with overactive bladder and treatment refractory daytime urinary incontinence.

Materials and Methods: We recruited 27 children 5 to 14 years old with daytime urge incontinence refractory to timer assisted

standard urotherapy and anticholinergics who had normal urinalysis, and unremarkable urinary tract ultrasound and physical examination. Study exclusion criteria were bladder underactivity, lower urinary tract obstruction, ongoing defecation disorders, lower urinary tract surgery and previous transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. After a 2-week run-in of standard urotherapy the children underwent natural fill ambulatory urodynamics to confirm detrusor overactivity. Subsequently they were randomly allocated to 4 weeks of 2 hours of daily active or placebo S2-S3 transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. The severity of incontinence selleck chemical and urgency, and 48-hour bladder diaries were recorded before randomization and during intervention week 4. Children withdrew from anticholinergics throughout the study period.

Results: Two children were excluded from randomization due to urodynamic signs of lower urinary tract obstruction. After 4 weeks of intervention 8 children (61%) in the active group showed a significant decrease in incontinence severity but this occurred in only 2 (17%) in the sham treated group (p <0.05). The active group had a significantly greater decrease in daily incontinence episodes compared to the sham treated group (p <0.01).

Our results suggest that pharmacological interventions leading to acute reductions Nec-1s order in hippocampal KYNA constitute an effective strategy for cognitive improvement. This approach might be especially useful in the treatment of cognitive deficits in neurological and psychiatric diseases that are associated with increased brain KYNA levels. Neuropsychopharmacology (2011) 36, 2357-2367; doi: 10.1038/npp.2011.127; published online 27 July 2011″
“Cellular RNA interference (RNAi) provides a natural response against viral infection, but some viruses have evolved

mechanisms to antagonize this form of antiviral immunity. To determine whether Ebolavirus (EBOV) counters RNAi by encoding suppressors https://www.selleckchem.com/products/lonafarnib-sch66336.html of RNA silencing (SRSs), we screened all EBOV proteins using an RNAi assay initiated by exogenously delivered small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) against either an EBOV or a reporter gene. In addition to viral

protein 35 (VP35), we found that VP30 and VP40 independently act as SRSs. Here, we present the molecular mechanisms of VP30 and VP35. VP30 interacts with Dicer independently of siRNA and with one Dicer partner, TRBP, only in the presence of siRNA. VP35 directly interacts with Dicer partners TRBP and PACT in an siRNA-independent fashion and in the absence of effects on interferon (IFN). Taken together, our findings elucidate a new mechanism of RNAi suppression that extends beyond the role of SRSs in double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) binding and IFN antagonism. The presence of three suppressors highlights the relevance of host RNAi-dependent antiviral immunity in EBOV infection and illustrates the importance of RNAi in shaping the evolution of RNA viruses.”
“Monoclonal antibody 2909 belongs to a class of potently neutralizing antibodies that recognize quaternary epitopes on HIV-1. Some members of this class, such as 2909, are this website strain specific, while others, such as antibody PG16, are broadly neutralizing; all, however, recognize

a region on the gp120 envelope glycoprotein that includes two loops (V2 and V3) and forms appropriately only in the oligomeric HIV-1 spike (gp120(3)/gp41(3)). Here we present the crystal structure of 2909 and report structure-function analysis with antibody chimeras composed of 2909 and other members of this antibody class. The 2909 structure was dominated by a heavy-chain third-complementarity-determining region (CDR H3) of 21 residues, which comprised 36% of the combining surface and formed a beta-hairpin club extending similar to 20 angstrom beyond the rest of the antibody. Sequence analysis and mass spectrometry identified sites of tyrosine sulfation at the middle and top of CDR H3; substitutions with phenylalanine either ablated (middle substitution) or substantially diminished (top substitution) neutralization.

Individuals with the oxytocin OXTR rs53576 A/A genotype showed lower positive affect scores (F=5.532, df=1; p=0.019). This effect was restricted to males (F=13.098, df=1; p=0.00047). Haplotypes constructed with the three markers were associated with positive affect (p=0.0012), negative affect (p<0.0001) and emotional loneliness (p<0.0001). Non-verbal intelligence was significantly reduced

in rs53576 A/A adolescents (T=2.247, p=0.027). Our findings support a role for the oxytocin receptor haplotypes in the generation of affectivity, emotional loneliness and IQ. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Papaya meleira virus (PMeV) is the causal agent of papaya sticky disease. This study describes two methods for molecular diagnosis of PMeV using conventional and real-time PCR. These methods were

shown to be more efficient than current methods of viral detection using extraction Liproxstatin1 of PMeV dsRNA and observation of symptoms in the field. The methods described here were used to evaluate the effect of inoculation of papaya plants with purified PMeV dsRNA on the progress of PMeV infection. A single inoculation with PMeV dsRNA was observed to delay the progress of the virus infection by several weeks. The possibility of vertical transmission of PMeV was also investigated. No evidence was found for PMeV transmission through seeds collected from

diseased fruit. The implications see more of these results for the epidemiology of PMeV and the management of papaya sticky disease are discussed. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“The superior temporal gyrus (STG) is strongly implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, particularly with regards to auditory hallucinations. In this study. using in situ quantitative autoradiography find more in postmortem tissue, we investigated the binding of the [(3)H]ketanserin to 5-HT(2A) receptors and [(3)H] mesulergine to 5-HT(2C) receptors in the left STC of 8 male schizophrenic patients compared to 8 control subjects. A strong [(3)H]ketanserin binding was observed in the STG, however there was a very weak [(3)H] mesulergine binding in the STG. A significant decrease in binding of [(3)H]ketanserin was clearly observed in schizophrenia patients in comparison with control subjects. There were no significant correlations between 5-HT(2A) binding density and age, postmortem intervals, or brain pH. These results suggest that the alterations of the 5-HT(2A) receptors contribute to the pathophysiology of the STG in schizophrenia. Furthermore, there is a clear tendency for a positive correlation between 5-HT(2A) and muscarinic M1 receptor bindings, and for negative correlations between 5-HT(2A) and GABA(A) receptor bindings and between muscarinic M1 and GABA(A) receptor bindings.

Our data suggest that in spite of the differences in morphology and composition of the SINV- and VEEV-specific nsP3 complexes, it is likely that they have similar functions in virus replication and modification of the cellular environment.”
“Methamphetamine (MA) is an addictive psychostimulant associated with neurocognitive

impairment, including inhibitory deficits characterized by a reduced ability to control responses to stimuli. While various domains of inhibition such as exaggerated novelty seeking and Ulixertinib perseveration have been assessed in rodents by quantifying activity in open-field tests, similar models have not been utilized in human substance abusers. We recently developed a cross-species translational human open-field paradigm, the human behavior pattern monitor (hBPM), consisting of an unfamiliar room containing novel and engaging objects. Previous work demonstrated that manic bipolar subjects exhibit a disinhibited pattern of behavior in the hBPM characterized by increased object interactions.

In the current study, we examined the effect of MA dependence on inhibitory deficits using this paradigm. hBPM activity and object interactions were quantified in 16 abstinent MA-dependent individuals and 18 matched drug-free comparison subjects. The Wisconsin

Selleck PF-573228 card sorting task (WCST) and the positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) were administered to assess executive function and psychopathology.

MA-dependent participants exhibited a significant increase in total object interactions, time spent with objects, and perseverative object interactions relative to comparison subjects. Greater object interaction was associated with impaired performance on the WCST, higher PANSS scores, and more frequent MA use in the past year.

Abstinent MA-dependent individuals exhibited impaired inhibition in the hBPM, displaying increased interaction with novel stimuli. Utilization of this measure may enable assessment of inhibitory deficits relevant to drug-seeking behavior and facilitate development of intervention methods to reduce high-risk conduct

in this population.”
“Normal or pathological ageing is characterized by working-memory dysfunction paired with a marked reduction in several https://www.selleck.cn/products/arn-509.html neurotransmitters activity. The development of therapeutic strategy centered on the glutamatergic system known to bear a critical role in cognitive functions, is therefore of major importance in the treatment of mild forms of AD or age-related memory dysfunctions.

In Experiment 1, we investigated the effects of ageing on spatial working memory measured by sequential alternation (SA). Thus, the decay of alternation rates over a series of trials separated by varying intertrial temporal intervals (ITI, from 5 sec to 180 sec) was studied in mice of different age groups. In Experiment 2, we investigated the memory-enhancing potential of S 18986-a modulator of AMPA receptors-on age-related SA impairments, in comparison with memantine-an antagonist of NMDA receptors-.