Maximum endothelium-dependent relaxation was enhanced in ET+/+ mice (95 +/- 5 vs. 78 +/- 5% of preconstriction in wild-type littermates; p < 0.05). Additional

knockout of iNOS led to a significant decrease of endothelium-dependent relaxation in combined ET+/+ iNOS-/- animals (75 +/- 6%; p < 0.05 vs. ET+/+ mice). Endothelium-independent relaxation was comparable among all groups. Maximum vascular contraction to ET-1 was reduced in ET+/+ mice (33 +/- 4%), iNOS-/- mice (38 +/- 5%) and ET+/+ iNOS-/- mice (44 +/- 4%) to a similar extent as compared with wild-type littermates (66 +/- 4%; p < 0.05). Conclusions: Our data show for the first time that in transgenic mice overexpressing human ET-1, additional knockout Ralimetinib of iNOS results in impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilatation thus contributing to elevated blood pressure in ET+/+ iNOS-/- animals. Copyright (C) 2008 S. Karger AG, Basel.”
“Why females generally perform better on language tasks than males is unknown. Sex differences were Blasticidin S concentration here identified in children (ages 9-15) across two linguistic tasks for words presented in two modalities. Bilateral activation in the inferior frontal and superior temporal gyri and activation in the left fusiform gyrus

of girls was greater than in boys. Activation in the left inferior frontal and fusiform regions of girls was also correlated with linguistic accuracy irregardless of stimulus modality, whereas correlation with performance accuracy in boys depended on the modality of word presentation (either in visual or auditory association cortex). This pattern suggests that girls rely on a supramodal language network, whereas boys process visual and auditory words differently. Activation in the left fusiform region was additionally correlated with performance on standardized language Selleckchem KU55933 tests in which girls performed

better, additional evidence of its role in early sex differences for language. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Background/Aims: We intended to compare the risk and prevalence of hypertension in patients undergoing renal biopsy with those of the general population and to investigate the possible effects of various independent factors (age, sex and degree of renal insufficiency) on the prevalence of hypertension. Methods: Data obtained within the Czech Registry of Renal Biopsies over an 8-year period (1995-2002) were statistically evaluated and compared with those of the general population obtained within the Post-MONICA Study conducted in 2000/2001. Results: Hypertension was present in 1,839 out of a total of 3,601 renal patients (51.1%). The risk of hypertension in the patients with renal disease was increased in all age groups compared with the general population (OR = 1.3-5.3). The prevalence of hypertension increased significantly with age, serum creatinine and proteinuria (p < 0.001). Male sex was identified as an independent risk factor for the presence of hypertension (p < 0.01).

(C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Understanding gene interaction and pleiotropy are long-standing goals of developmental and evolutionary

biology. We examine the genetic control of diapause in insects and show how the failure to recognize the difference between modular SRT1720 and gene pleiotropy has confounded our understanding of the genetic basis of this important phenotype. This has led to complications in understanding the role of the circadian clock in the control of diapause in Drosophila and other insects. We emphasize three successive modules – each containing functionally related genes-that lead to diapause: photoperiodism, hormonal events and diapause itself. Understanding the genetic basis for environmental control of diapause has wider implications for evolutionary response to rapid climate change and for the opportunity to observe BAY 11-7082 research buy evolutionary change in contemporary time.”
“Cells contain a large yet, constant genome, which contains all the coding information necessary to sustain cellular physiology. However, proteins are the end

products of genes, and hence dictate the phenotype of cells and tissues. Therefore, proteomics can provide key information for the elucidation of physiological and pathophysiological. mechanisms by identifying the protein profile from cells and tissues. The relatively novel techniques used for the study of proteomics thus have the potential to improve diagnostic, prognostic, as well as therapeutic avenues. In this review, we first discuss the benefits of animal models over the use of human samples for the proteomic analysis of human disease. Next, we aim to demonstrate the potential of proteomics in the elucidation of disease mechanisms that may not be possible by other conventional technologies. Following this, we describe the use of proteomics for the analysis of PTM and protein interactions in animal models and their relevance to the study of human disease. Finally, we discuss the development of clinical biomarkers for the early diagnosis of disease via proteomic analysis of animal models. We also discuss the development of standard proteomes

and relate how this data will benefit future proteomic research. A comprehensive review of all animal GSK923295 chemical structure models used in conjunction with proteomics is beyond the scope of this manuscript. Therefore, we aimed to cover a large breadth of topics, which together, demonstrate the potential of proteomics as a powerful tool in biomedical research.”
“How much cognitive effort does it take to change a movement plan? In previous studies, it has been shown that humans plan and represent actions in advance, but it remains unclear whether or not action planning and verbal working memory share cognitive resources. Using a novel experimental paradigm, we combined in two experiments a grasp-to-place task with a verbal working memory task.

We propose that decreased levels of mitochondrial proteases Lon and CIpP may allow Hsp60 substrate proteins to go through more folding attempts

instead of being prematurely degraded, thereby supporting productive folding in cells with reduced Hsp60 chaperonin activity.

In conclusion, our studies with SPG13 patient cells expressing the functionally impaired mutant Hsp60 chaperonin suggest that reduction of the degradative activity of the protein quality control system may represent a previously unrecognized cellular adaptation to reduced chaperone function. (c) 2008 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Objective: Renal ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury (IRI) is an important mechanism of acute renal failure (ART) and a crucial factor of tissue Protein Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor damage during vascular surgery. IR may lead to tissue destruction and influence the early and long-term outcome of organs. The anti-anginal medication trimetazidine (TMZ) is a drug, the protective effects of which have been already assessed

during cold preservation and warm ischemia (WI). The objective of this dose-effect study was to assess the role of TMZ in severe renal WI model.

Materials and Methods. We have used an established WI pig kidney model associated with a uninephrectomy condition and studied the dose-dependent role of TMZ (1, 5, and https://www.selleckchem.com/products/bromosporine.html 10 mg/Kg, i.v. for 24 hours before WI) against deleterious effects of WI (60 minutes of WI followed by reperfusion) compared with sham-operated (control) and uninephrectomized animals (unif). Direct effect of TMZ was determined using

different variables: renal function (creatinine clearance; C-cr) and indirectly, the consequences on inflammation (cells infiltration), rate of apoptosis, fibrosis development, and renal epithelial cells change into myofibroblast, which defined epithelial to mesenchymal transition (a-smooth muscle actin [alpha-SMA] BMS345541 cell line and vimentin expression).

Results. TMZ (5 or 10 mg/Kg) significantly increased Ccr and reduced the inflammatory response prevalent in ischemic kidney injury and rate of apoptosis expression. In addition, the limitation of initial IRI was correlated with an earlier and greater expression of hypoxia-inducible transcription factor-la (HIF-1 alpha), which is a hypoxia marker during kidney regeneration. A reduction of the tubulointerstitial development of fibrosis and a limitation of the a-smooth muscle actin expression (alpha-SMA) was observed with TMZ treatment. At 3 months, vimentin expression was increased in WI groups without TMZ or low TMZ dose treatment compared with 5 or 10 mg/Kg treated groups.

Conclusion: Collectively, these data suggest that TMZ made the warm ischemic kidneys more resistant to the deleterious impact of a single episode of IR and could have a role in preserving the ischemic kidney from long-term damage.

These results Tanespimycin nmr indicated that the activation of Ras or the related signal pathways promoted the malignant conversion of HPV-infected cells.”
“Hypoglycemia causes brain fuel deprivation, resulting in functional brain failure and brain death. It is a serious complication of insulin therapy in diabetic patients. A single intrafemoral dose of streptozotocin was administered to induce diabetes. Hypoglycemia was induced by appropriate doses of insulin s.c. in control and diabetic rats. Glutamate content and glutamate

receptor kinetics were studied using [H-3]glutamate. [H-3]MK 801 was used to study the NMDA receptor kinetics. NMDA2B and metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) 5 subunits receptor gene expressions were done using real time PCR. There Selleck Liproxstatin-1 was a significant (P<0.001) increase in the glutamate content in the cerebral cortex of hypoglycemic and diabetic rats when compared with control with more glutamate content in the hypoglycemic group. Scatchard analysis using [H-3]glutamate and [H-3]MK 801 in the cerebral cortex showed a significant (P<0.001) increase in the maximal binding (B-max) in both hypoglycemic and diabetic rats when compared with control with no significant change in equilibrium dissociation constant. The glutamate and NMDA receptor binding parameters were significantly (P<0.001)

enhanced in the hypoglycemic rats compared with hyperglycemic rats. Real time PCR analysis also showed a significant increase (P<0.001) in the gene expression of NMDA2B and mGluR5 subunits of glutamate receptor. This increased gene expression of NMDA2B and mGluR5 glutamate receptor subunits confirmed the enhanced mRNA of receptor subunits and subsequently at the protein level from the receptor kinetic studies. The enhanced glutamate receptors were more prominent in hypoglycemic group which is of significance in this study. Up-regulation of glutamate leads to Ca2+ overload in cells, potentially leading to cell damage and death. This functional damage during hypoglycemia is suggested to contribute to cognitive and memory deficits which has immense clinical relevance in the therapeutic management

of diabetes. (C) 2008 SNS-032 research buy IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The surface of the mature dengue virus (DENV) particle is covered with 180 envelope (E) proteins arranged as homodimers that lie relatively flat on the virion surface. Each monomer consists of three domains (ED1, ED2, and ED3), of which ED3 contains the critical neutralization determinant(s). In this study, a large panel of DENV-2 recombinant ED3 mutant proteins was used to physically and biologically map the epitopes of five DENV complex-specific monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). All five MAbs recognized a single antigenic site that includes residues K310, I312, P332, L389, and W391. The DENV complex antigenic site was located on an upper lateral surface of ED3 that was distinct but overlapped with a previously described DENV-2 type-specific antigenic site on ED3.

The mPFC showed an early phase of gating which may later be modulated by CA3 and DG activity. Furthermore, cannabinoid receptor activation disrupted auditory gating in CA3, DG and mPFC, an effect which was prevented by CBI receptor antagonism. The results further demonstrate the presence of a non-gating rat population which responded differently

to cannabinoid agonists. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The present Study was conducted to determine whether the activation of neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R) by its agonist (GR73632) enhances the capsaicin-evoked Substance P (SP) release using a radioimmunoassay. A pre-exposure to GR73632 enhanced the capsaicin-evoked SP release in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The augmentation of capsaicin-evoked SP release by GR73632 was completely Bindarit solubility dmso inhibited by pharmacological blockade of NK-1R or transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor subtype I (TRPV1), and was partially attenuated by the inhibition of either protein kinase C (PKC), cyclooxygenase (COX) or phospholipase C (PLC), p38 or p42/44 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase, but not protein kinase A.

This augmentation of SP release was further increased MRT67307 concentration by inhibition of c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase. A short-term (10 min) exposure to GR73632 resulted in an increase in the TRPV1 phosphorylation. The increase in the TRPV1 phosphorylated forms induced by a 60-min exposure to GR73632 was completely abolished by the inhibition of either PKC, COX or PLC, p38 or p42/44 MAP kinases.

Immunocytochemistry study demonstrated that the NK-1R see more and TRPV1 were mainly co-expressed in the small-sized neurons. These findings suggest that the activation of NK-1R by its agonist, by sensitizing the TRPV1 through the PKC phosphorylation of TRPV1, may play a role in the enhancement of the capsaicin-evoked SP release from Cultured rat DRG neurons. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“To date, nothing is known of the pharmacological properties of isomers of domoic acid (DA) in vivo in mammals. Here we assessed the acute seizurogenic and toxic properties of DA, isodomoic acids A, B and C (Iso-A, -B, -C), and the therapeutic potential of these compounds as pharmacological preconditioning agents. DA, Iso-A, Iso-B, and Iso-C all produced significant dose-dependent increases in seizure activity following intrahippocampal administration; doses producing half maximal cumulative seizure scores (ED(50)) were 137 pmol, 171 pmol, 13,000 pmol. and 3150 pmol, respectively. Pharmacological preconditioning with low-dose DA or Iso-A, 60 min before a high test dose of DA produced a significant reduction in seizure scores. In contrast, Iso-B and Iso-C each failed to induce any detectable tolerance to high-dose DA. Radioligand binding indicated a significant correlation between seizurogenic potency and kainate receptor affinity with K(1)s of 2.4 nM, 4.4 nM, 4990 nM and 170 nM for DA, Iso-A, Iso-B and Iso-C, respectively.

“
“OBJECTIVE: The transsphenoidal approach has been extended in recent Daporinad cell line years from tumors of the sellar region to lesions involving other areas bordering the sphenoid sinus including the cavernous sinus, Meckel’s cave, middle cranial fossa, planum sphenoidal, suprasellar region, and clivus. The goal of this study was to examine various pneumatized extensions

of the sphenoid sinus that may facilitate extended approaches directed through the sinus.

METHODS: The sphenoid sinus and its surrounding structures were examined in 18 cadaver heads, and the results were correlated with the findings from 100 computed tomography images of the sinus. The sellar type of the sphenoid sinus in which the pneumatization extended beyond the anterior sellar wall was further classified according to the various extensions of the sinus.

RESULTS: The sellar type of the sphenoid sinus was classified into the following 6 basic types based on the direction of pneumatization: sphenoid body, lateral, clival, lesser wing, anterior, and combined. The recesses and prominences, BX-795 molecular weight formed by pneumatization of the sinus, act as “”windows”" opening

from the sinus in different areas of the cranial base and may facilitate minimally invasive access to lesions in the corresponding areas.

CONCLUSION: The variations in the extensions of pneumatization of the sphenoid sinus may facilitate entry into areas bordering the sphenoid sinus and play a role in the selection

of a surgical approach to lesions bordering the sinus.”
“Purpose: We reviewed the current state of knowledge about urinary tract infection in patients with Ganetespib in vivo diabetes from the clinical and basic science perspectives. We identified key knowledge gaps and areas for further research.

Materials and Methods: We performed a focused literature search on certain topics, including clinical studies related to etiology and pathophysiology of urinary tract infection in patients with diabetes, urinary tract infection studies in animal models of diabetes and basic science studies of the molecular mechanisms of urinary tract infection.

Results: Individuals with diabetes are at higher risk for urinary tract infection Increased susceptibility in patients with diabetes is positively associated with increased duration and severity of diabetes. Clinical epidemiological data identifying mechanisms of increased urinary tract infection susceptibility in patients with diabetes are generally lacking and indicate only that urinary tract infections in women with and without diabetes are qualitatively similar in bacterial etiology and morbid sequelae. Existing animal models for diabetes have not been well characterized for urinary tract infection research.

With the aim of more fully characterizing the postural component of motor tasks, CB-839 molecular weight they are compared with those occurring before movement onset (“”anticipatory postural adjustments”": APAs). Ten male adults were asked to perform a single step as quickly as possible to a target marked on the ground (STEP). A force plate measured the resultant reaction forces along the antero-posterior axis (R-x) and the Centre of Pressure (CoP) displacements along the antero-posterior and lateral axes (Xp and Yp). The velocity of the

Centre of Gravity (COG) along the antero-posterior axis was calculated and the peak velocity (termed “”progression velocity”": V-xG) was measured. Antero-posterior linear impulses (integral R(x)dt) were also calculated. Two step lengths were considered: a short and a long one (SS and LS conditions). Each session consisted of ten steps. The antero-posterior force time course presented two phases: a positive one that included the APA and the STEP periods, then a negative one corresponding to CPA. The corresponding backward impulse (CPIx) was equal to the forward one (BPIx), which identifies CPA as a counter-perturbation, that is, a process by which the central nervous system controls

and stops a forward impulse. CPA durations and peak amplitudes (dCPA and pCPA) were significantly greater than the corresponding APA values (dAPA and pAPA). Moreover, when the step length was greater, that is, when the progression velocity

was faster, pCPAs, like pAPAs, AZD1480 order increased, suggesting that CPAs and APAs are parts of the same motor program. In addition, CPA duration and time to peak amplitude do not vary with progression velocity, which could be explained by the movement braking constraints. Finally, CPA can be viewed as a means of achieving a new “”static”" postural equilibrium as soon as possible after foot contact, and to prevent the risk of falling. The outcome provides additional knowledge on how a stable posture is achieved at the end of a task movement, and is discussed from a postural control perspective. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“HIV-1 integrase (HIV-1 IN), a well-validated antiviral drug target, catalyzes multistep reactions to incorporate Tideglusib manufacturer viral DNA into the genome of the host cell; these include both a 3′-processing (3′P) reaction and a strand transfer reaction. These enzymatic activities can be measured in vitro with short DNA oligonucleotides that mimic a single viral LTR DNA end and purified IN. A highly sensitive and reproducible time-resolved fluorescence (TRF)-based assay for HIV-1 IN 3′P activity is now reported. This assay was optimized with respect to time and concentrations of metal ions, substrate and enzyme. The assay has now been used successfully to measure HIV-1 IN 3′P activity and has been shown to detect the anti-IN activity of several known 3′P inhibition compounds accurately.

Fine particle deposition fractions for nasal and oral breathing were assessed by inhalation of monodisperse carnauba wax particles and laser photometry to determine inhaled/exhaled concentrations. There was a trend for children to have a lesser nasal contribution to breathing at rest and during exercise, but the differences from adults were not statistically significant. Children did, however, have significantly

decreased NDE for 2-m particles under light exercise click here breathing conditions compared to adults, suggesting less efficient nasal filtering for larger particles and higher flow conditions. These results suggest that the lungs of children may be exposed to higher concentrations of inhaled, ambient particles than adults.”
“It

is important to focus on children with respect AZD8055 nmr to air pollution because (1) their lungs are not completely developed, (2) they can have greater exposures than adults, and (3) those exposures can deliver higher doses of different composition that may remain in the lung for greater duration. The undeveloped lung is more vulnerable to assault and less able to fully repair itself when injury disrupts morphogenesis. Children spend more time outside, where concentrations of combustion-generated air pollution are generally higher. Children have higher baseline ventilation rates and are more physically active than adults, thus exposing their lungs to more air pollution. Nasal breathing in adults reduces some pollution concentrations, but children are more typically mouth-breathers – suggesting that the composition of the exposure mixture at the alveolar level may be different. Finally, higher ventilation rates and mouth-breathing may pull air pollutants

deeper into children’s lungs, thereby making clearance slower and more difficult. Children also have immature immune systems, which plays a significant role in asthma. The observed consequences of early life exposure to Ribonucleotide reductase adverse levels of air pollutants include diminished lung function and increased susceptibility to acute respiratory illness and asthma. Exposure to diesel exhaust, in particular, is an area of concern for multiple endpoints, and deserves further research.”
“Inhalation of formaldehyde vapor has long been suspected of producing airway pathophysiology such as asthma and hyperresponsivity, presumably via irritant mechanisms. Recent studies on asthma and airway biology implicate changes in nitric oxide (NO) disposition in the adverse effects of formaldehyde, principally because enzymatic reduction of the endogenous bronchodilator S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) is dependent upon GSNO reductase (formally designated as alcohol dehydrogenase-3, ADH3), which also serves as the primary enzyme for cellular detoxification of formaldehyde.

Recently we have

characterized a cholinergic component of neurogenic contraction of mouse isolated vas deferens. In the present paper, by confocal imaging of Ca(2+) dynamics we detected acetylcholine (ACh) action at muscarinic cholinergic neuroeffector junctions at high-resolution. Experiments were carried out in the presence of prazosin (100 nM) and alpha,beta methylene ATP (alpha,beta-MeATP) (1 mu M) to inhibit responses to NA and ATP respectively. Exogenous ACh (10 mu M) elicited Ca(2+) transients, an effect blocked by the muscarinic receptor antagonist, cyclopentolate Tozasertib mw (1 mu M). Ca(2+) transients were evoked by electrical stimulation of intrinsic nerves in the presence of the cholinesterase inhibitor

neostigmine (10 mu M). Stimulation produced a marked increase in the frequency and number of Ca(2+) transients. Cyclopentolate reduced the CB-5083 purchase frequency of occurrence of spontaneous and evoked events to control levels. The alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine (300 nM) did not affect the spontaneous Ca(2+) transients, but increased the frequency of occurrence of evoked transients, an effect inhibited by cyclopentolate. The postjunctional effects of neuronally-released ACh are limited by the action of cholinesterase. Release of ACh appears to be tonically inhibited by NA released from sympathetic nerve terminals through action at prejunctional alpha(2)-adrenoceptors. Tetrodotoxin (TTX, 300 nM) abolished the nerve-evoked Ca(2+) events, with no effect on Ca(2+) transients elicited by exogenous ACh. In conclusion, the presence of spontaneous and evoked cholinergic Ca(2+) transients in smooth muscle cells of the mouse isolated vas deferens has been

revealed. These events are mediated by ACh acting at M(3) muscarinic receptors. This action stands in marked contrast to the lack of effect of neuronally-released NA on smooth muscle Roflumilast Ca(2+) dynamics in this tissue. Crown Copyright (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of IBRO. All rights reserved.”
“It is well established that cAMP signaling within neurons plays a major role in the formation of long-term memories-signaling thought to proceed through protein kinase A (PKA). However, here we show that exchange protein activated by cAMP (Epac) is able to enhance the formation of long-term memory in the hippocampus and appears to do so independent of PKA, thus demonstrating the importance of Epac-mediated signaling in memory consolidation.”
“It is well recognized that proprioceptive afferent inputs can control the timing and pattern of locomotion. C and A delta afferents can also affect locomotion but an unresolved issue is the identity of the subsets of these afferents that encode defined modalities. Over the last decade, the transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels have emerged as a family of non-selective cation conductances that can label specific subsets of afferents.

9 at 60 minutes p.i. for [Ga-68]BPPED, for example). Although further studies are required to assess their performance in tumor models, the results obtained suggest learn more that these ligands could be useful

both in imaging (Ga-68) and therapeutic treatment (Lu-177) of bone metastases. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Objective: This study assessed neurovascular complications in the surgical management of carotid body tumors (CBTs), with emphasis on those treated with and without preoperative embolization.

Methods: We reviewed the clinical data of all consecutive patients with CBTs treated by surgical resection at our institution from 1985 to 2010. Outcomes were compared between Shamblin class Ispinesib II and III CBTs treated with preoperative embolization (EMB group) and with no preoperative embolization (NEMB group).

Results: A total of 131 patients (80 women, 51 men), who were aged 48 years

(range, 16-84 years), had resection of 144 CBTs and 12 concurrent cervical paragangliomas. This included 18 patients who had bilateral resections and 29 with familial CBTs. Succinate dehydrogenase (SDHx) mutations were confirmed in 17 patients. Mean tumor volume was 20.5 cm(3) (range, 0.8-101.3 cm(3)), and there were two biochemically active CBTs (1%). There were 71 Shamblin II and 33 Shamblin III. The EMB group underwent 33 CBT resections, and the NEMB group underwent 71. There were more patients in the EMB group with bilateral (48% vs 22%; P = .01) and familial (34% vs 14%; P = .01) CBT; otherwise, patient demographics, Shamblin class, and tumor diameter and volumes were similar. No strokes or other major complications occurred after preoperative embolization with polyvinyl alcohol particles 1 day before surgery. The EMB group required less extensive procedures (simple excision in 97% vs 82%, P = .03; internal carotid artery clamping in 15% vs 37%, P = .04) and had less blood loss (mean estimated blood loss, 263 vs 599 mL; P = .002) than the NEMB group. However, there were no significant differences in operative time (250 vs 265 minutes; P = .49), temporary

cranial nerve injury (52% vs 38%; P = .21), clinically apparent cranial nerve deficits after 1 year (12% vs 7%; P = .46), deaths selleckchem (0% vs 0%; P > .99), stroke (0% vs 1%; P > .99), or postoperative length of stay (4.1 vs 4.2 days; P = .91).

Conclusions: Large CBTs can be resected safely with or without preoperative embolization. Preoperative embolization may simplify the conduct of the operation and reduce blood loss but does not decrease rates of cranial nerve injury, although most are temporary. (J Vasc Surg 2012;56:979-89.)”
“The nucleolus is a dynamic subnuclear compartment involved in ribosome subunit biogenesis, regulation of cell stress and modulation of cellular growth and the cell cycle, among other functions.