(C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights

reserved.”
“Cytomegalovirus (CMV) coinfection is associated with infant HIV-1 disease progression and mortality. In a cohort of Kenyan HIV-infected infants, the frequencies of activated (CD38(+) HLA-DR+) and apoptosis-vulnerable (CD95(+) Bcl-2(-)) CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells increased substantially during acute CMV infection. The frequency of activated CD4(+) T cells was YAP-TEAD Inhibitor 1 ic50 strongly associated with both concurrent CMV coinfection (P = 0.001) and HIV-1 viral load (P = 0.05). The frequency of apoptosis-vulnerable cells was also associated with CMV coinfection in the CD4 (P = 0.02) and CD8 (P < 0.001) T cell subsets. Similar observations were made in HIV-exposed uninfected infants. CMV-induced

increases in T cell activation and apoptosis may contribute to the rapid disease progression in coinfected infants.”
“A 65-year-old man presents Selleckchem Repotrectinib with a rash of 2 days’ duration over the right forehead with vesicles and pustules, a few lesions on the right side and tip of the nose, and slight blurring of vision in the right eye. The rash was preceded by tingling in the area and is now associated with aching pain. How should this patient be evaluated and treated?”
“The role of fatty acids (FA) in prostate carcinogenesis is unclear. Interest in the inter-relationship among different types of FA has resulted in new analytic approaches to FA and their role in cancer development.

We evaluated the association between erythrocyte FA and prostate cancer

in 127 prostate cancer patients and 183 screen negative controls. We present three approaches to the analyses of the FA and prostate cancer association; (1) individual or common groups of FA, (2) biologically meaningful FA ratios and (3) principal components analysis.

Monounsaturated FA and the alpha-linolenic:eicosapentaenoic ratio were associated with reduced risk of prostate cancer. However, Factor 1, which was strongly correlated with some long chain saturated FA, was associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer.

We provide an example of modeling FA and their inter-relationships on the risk of prostate cancer. Comparing three approaches suggests the importance of considering the impact of the entire fatty acid profile in disease prevention. Published by Elsevier TCL Ltd.”
“Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of natural hosts is characterized by nonpathogenic chronic viremia, maintenance of gastrointestinal epithelial barrier integrity, and low numbers of target cells. Assessment of cell-associated virus load in T cell subsets in multiple anatomic compartments of chronically SIV-infected sabeus African green monkeys (AGMs) revealed that gastrointestinal memory CD4(+) T lymphocytes are a major source of cell-associated virus and a significant contributor to SIV viremia in AGMs.

This oxidative damage was GSK J4 mw dependent on the methionine 35 residue within the A beta peptide. Further insight into the molecular pathways affected in this Tg model

of AD may be gained with discovery-based proteomics studies; therefore, two-dimensional gel-based expression proteomics was performed to compare differences in brain protein levels of J20 Tg mice with non-transgenic (NTg) littermate controls. Based on our studies, we identified six proteins that had significantly increased levels in J20 Tg relative to NTg mice: calcineurin subunit B type 1, rho GDP-dissociation inhibitor 1, T-complex protein 1 subunit alpha A, alpha-enolase, peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (Pin-1), and ATP synthase subunit alpha mitochondrial. Several of these proteins have previously

been implicated in in vitro and in vivo models and subjects with AD. Additionally, using redox proteomics analyses we identified two oxidatively-modified proteins: phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein 1 and Pin-1 with decreased levels of protein 3-nitrotyrosine in J20 Tg mice relative to NTg. Western blotting and immunoprecipitation analyses were used to validate proteomics results. PD0332991 Overall, these studies provide information about changes in the brain proteome as a result of A beta deposition and clues with which to further direct studies on elucidating AD pathogenesis. (C) 2011 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Methionine sulfoxide reductase A knockout (MsrA(-/-)) mice, which serve as a potential model for neurodegeneration, suffer from increased oxidative stress and have previously been found to have

chronically elevated brain dopamine (DA) content levels relative to control mice. Additionally, these high levels parallel the increased presynaptic DA release. In this study, fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) at carbon-fiber microelectrodes was used to quantify striatal reserve pool DA in knockout mice and wild-type control mice. Reserve pool DA efflux, induced by amphetamine (AMPH), was measured in brain slices from knockout and wild type (WT) mice in the presence of alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, a DA synthesis inhibitor. Additionally, the stimulated release of reserve pool DA, mobilized by cocaine (COC), was measured. Both efflux and Acetophenone stimulated release measurements were enhanced in slices from knockout mice, suggesting that these mice have greater reserve pool DA stores than wild-type and that these stores are effectively mobilized. Moreover, dopamine transporter (DAT) labeling data indicate that the difference in measured DA efflux was likely not caused by altered DAT protein expression. Additionally, slices from MsrA(-/-) and wild-type mice were equally responsive to increasing extracellular calcium concentrations, suggesting that potential differences in either calcium entry or intracellular calcium handling are not responsible for increased reserve pool DA release.

“
“Urate oxidase catalyzes

the oxidation of uric acid with poor solubility to produce 5-hydroxyisourate and allantoin. Since allantoin is excreted in vivo, urate oxidase has the potential to be a therapeutic target for the treatment of gout. However, its severe immunogenicity limits its clinical application. Furthermore, studies on the structure-function relationships of urate oxidase have proven difficult. We developed a method for genetically incorporating p-azido-L-phenylalanine into target protein in Escherichia coli in a site-specific manner utilizing a tyrosyl suppressor tRNA/aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase system. We substituted p-azido-L-phenylalanine for Phe(170) or Phe(281) in urate oxidase. The products were purified and their enzyme activities were analyzed. In addition, we optimized the system by adding a “”Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence” and tandem suppressor AG-014699 nmr tRNA. This method has the benefit of site-specifically modifying urate oxidase with homogeneous glycosyl and PEG derivates, which can provide new insights into structure-function relationships and improve pharmacological properties of urate oxidase.”
“We have previously reported that experimental mild traumatic brain injury results in increased

sensitivity to stressful events during the first post-injury weeks, BIBF 1120 mw as determined by analyzing the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis regulation following restraint-induced stress. This is the same time period when rehabilitative exercise has proven to be ineffective after a mild fluid-percussion injury (FPI). Here we evaluated 5-carboxymethyl-2-hydroxymuconate Delta-isomerase effects of stress on neuroplasticity. Adult male rats underwent either an FPI or sham injury. Additional rats were only exposed to anesthesia. Rats were exposed to 30 min of restraint stress, followed by tail vein blood collection at post-injury days (PID) 1, 7, and 14. The response to dexamethasone (DEX) was also evaluated. Hippocampal tissue was collected 120 min after stress onset. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) along with glucocorticoid

(GR) and mineralocorticoid (MR) receptors was determined by Western blot analysis. Results indicated injury-dependent changes in glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors that were influenced by the presence of dexamethasone. Control and FPI rats responded differentially to DEX in that GR increases after receiving the lower dose of DEX were longer lasting in the FPI group. A suppression of MR was found at PID 1 in vehicle-treated FPI and Sham groups. Decreases in the precursor form of BDNF were observed in different FPI groups at PIDs 7 and 14. These findings suggest that the increased sensitivity to stressful events during the first post-injury weeks, after a mild FPI, has an impact on hippocampal neuroplasticity. (c) 2012 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

“
“Lipoic acid (LA) is a naturally occurring compound and dietary supplement with powerful antioxidant properties. Although LA is neuroprotective in models of stroke, little is known about the cellular mechanisms by which it confers protection during the early stages of ischemia.

Here, using a rat model of permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), we demonstrated that administration of LA 30 min prior to stroke, reduces infarct volume in a dose dependent manner. Whole-cell patch clamp techniques in rat brain slices were used to determine if LA causes any electrophysiological alterations in either healthy neurons or neurons exposed to oxygen and check details glucose deprivation (OGD). In healthy neurons, LA (0.005 mg/ml and 0.05 mg/ml) did not significantly change resting membrane potential, threshold or frequency of action potentials or synaptic transmission, as determined by amplitude of excitatory post synaptic

currents (EPSCs). Similarly, in neurons exposed to OGD, LA did not alter the time course to loss of EPSCs. However, there was a significant delay the onset of anoxic depolarization as well as in the time course of the depolarization. Next, intracellular calcium (Ca(2+)) levels were monitored in isolated neurons using fura-2. Pretreatment with 0.005 mg/ml and 0.05 mg/ml LA for 30 min and 6 h did not significantly alter resting Ca(2+) levels or FG 4592 Ca(2+) response to glutamate (250 mu M). However, pretreatment with 0.5 mg/ml LA for 6 h significantly increased resting Ca(2+) levels and significantly decieased the Ca(2+) response to glutamate. In summary, these findings suggest that LA does not affect neuronal physiology Arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase under normal conditions, but can protect cells from an ischemic event. (c) 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd and the Japan Neuroscience Society. All rights reserved.”
“Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are a special

glia that ensheath olfactory receptor axons that enter the brain via olfactory phila, thus, providing a potential route for access of pathogens. Streptococcus pneumoniae (Sp), that has a capsule rich in mannosyl residues, is the most common cause of rhinosinusitis that may evolve to meningitis. We have tested whether OECs in vitro express the mannose receptor (MR), and could internalize Sp via MR. Cultures were infected by a suspension of Sp (ATCC 49619), recognized by an anti-Sp antibody, in a 100:1 bacteria:cells ratio. Competition assays, by means of mannan, showed around a 15-fold reduction in the number of internalized bacteria. To verify whether MR could be involved in Sp uptake, OECs were reacted with an antibody against the MR C-terminal peptide (anti-cmR) and bacteria were visualized with Sytox Green.

(C) 2012 Dactolisib in vivo Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Of the multiple theories to explain exceptional longevity, the most robust of these has centered on the

reduction of three anabolic protein hormones, growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor, and insulin. GH mutant mice live 50% longer and exhibit significant differences in several aspects of energy metabolism as compared with wild-type mice. Mitochondrial metabolism is upregulated in the absence of GH, whereas in GH transgenic mice and dwarf mice treated with GH, multiple aspects of these pathways are suppressed. Core body temperature is markedly lower in dwarf mice, yet whole-body metabolism, as measured by indirect calorimetry, is surprisingly higher in Ames dwarf and Ghr-/- mice compared with normal controls. Elevated adiponectin, a key antiinflammatory Liproxstatin-1 supplier cytokine, is also very likely to contribute to longevity in these mice. Thus, several important components related to energy metabolism are altered in GH mutant mice, and these differences are likely critical in aging processes and life-span extension.”
“Cognitive health of an organism is considered to be maintained by the capacity of hippocampal precursors to Proliferate and differentiate. Environmental stressors including irradiation have been shown to inhibit

neurogenesis and are associated with the onset of cognitive impairments. Over the last two decades, much evidence has been gathered showing that enhanced free radical levels and an impaired antioxidant pool are important factors underlying the pathophysiological mechanisms in a variety of neurocognitive and neurodegenerative ailments. Since oxidative stress is reported to be implicated in impaired neurogenesis, it is likely that antioxidants such as melatonin and its metabolites could restore or minimize cellular death in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. The present review summarizes the recent studies documenting the protective role of melatonin against radiation-induced impairment of neurogenesis and cognitive functions. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Exposure therapy

is a widely used of and effective form of treatment in anxiety disorders and addictions but evidence for its usefulness in eating disorders (ED) is inconsistent. This paper systematically reviews the literature on the use of exposure therapy in ED, the theory underpinning its use, and the deficits in current knowledge. Databases were searched to 2012. In addition, potential improvements in the use of exposure techniques in ED are considered by drawing upon theory and research involving neuropharmacology, basic and clinical neuroscience, contemporary behavioural and neurobiological research, and technologies such as virtual reality (VR). (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Lipids were long believed to have a structural role in biomembranes and a role in energy storage utilizing cellular lipid droplets and plasma lipoproteins.

In this review of the evolutionary genetics of plant adaptation, we emphasize the importance of field studies for understanding the evolutionary dynamics of model and nonmodel systems, highlight a key life history trait (flowering time) and discuss emerging conservation issues.”
“BACKGROUND: Various surgical approaches for the removal

of tuberculum sellae meningiomas (TSMs) have previously been described.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the reliability and safety of the lateral supraorbital (LSO) approach to remove TSMs.

METHODS: We identified all TSM patients operated on at the Department of Neurosurgery at Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland, by the senior author (J.H.) using the LSO approach between September C188-9 research buy WZB117 1997 and August 2010. We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data, radiological findings, surgical treatment, histology, and outcome of patients and discuss the operative technique.

RESULTS: Apparent complete tumor removal was achieved in 45 patients (87%). Of 42 patients, preexisting

visual deficit improved in 22, remained the same in 13, and worsened in 7, and de novo visual deficit occurred in 1 patient. At 3 months post-discharge, 47 patients (90%) had a good recovery, 4 (8%) were moderately disabled, and 1 (2%) died 40 days after surgery of unexplained cardiac arrest. Seven patients (13%) had minimal residual tumors, 2 of which required reoperation. During the median follow-up of 59 months (range, 1-133 months), tumor recurred in 1 of the patients who had undergone a second operation.

CONCLUSION: TSMs of all sizes can be removed via the LSO approach with minimal morbidity and mortality. Low-power or no coagulation RAS p21 protein activator 1 is recommended near the optic nerves and the optic chiasm to preserve their vascular support from the internal carotid artery perforators. Our results are comparable to those obtained using more extensive and time-consuming approaches. We recommend the LSO approach to remove TSMs.”
“Background. Physical morbidity is a potent risk factor for depression onset and clearly increases with age, yet prior research has often found depressive disorders to decrease with age. This study

tests the possibility that the relationship between age and mental disorders differs as a function of physical co-morbidity.

Method. Eighteen general population surveys were carried out among household-residing adults as part of the World Mental Health (WMH) surveys initiative (n = 42 697). DSM-IV disorders were assessed using face-to-face interviews with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 3.0). The effect of age was estimated for 12-month depressive and/or anxiety disorders with and without physical or pain co-morbidity, and for physical and/or pain conditions without mental co-morbidity.

Results. Depressive and anxiety disorders decreased with age, a result that cannot be explained by organic exclusion criteria.

Methods: 37 PD patients were included in the study. We measured (1) carotid IMT, (2) PWV and augmentation index (Alx), and (3) CFR. Simultaneous measurements of serum NT-pro-BNP, cTnT, uric acid and hs-CRP were also performed. Associations among these variables were analyzed. Results: cTnT was significantly associated with carotid IMT (r = 0.747, p < 0.001), PWV (r = 0.431, p = 0.035) and CFR (r = -0.439, p = 0.007). In multivariate analysis, cTnT was a significant independent predictor of carotid IMT (beta = 4.446, p < 0.001) and CFR (beta = -2.272, p = 0.013). Patients with high cTnT levels (>= 0.01 ng/ml) significantly had higher carotid IMT and PWV values.

Only the aortic PWV significantly correlated with residual renal function (r = -0.574, p = 0.004). Conclusions: Serum cTnT appeared find more to be a useful clinical biomarker for evaluating noninvasive predictors

of atherosclerosis in chronic PD patients. Arterial stiffness as determined by PWV is also correlated with residual renal function. Copyright (c) 2012 S. Karger AG, Basel”
“Growing evidence suggests schizophrenia may arise from abnormalities in early brain development. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) stands out as one of the main regions affected in schizophrenia. Latent inhibition, an interesting cognitive marker for schizophrenia, https://www.selleckchem.com/products/PHA-739358(Danusertib).html has been found in some studies to be reduced in acute patients. It is generally widely accepted that there is a dopaminergic dysfunctioning in schizophrenia. Moreover, several authors have reported that the psychostimulant, D-amphetamine (D-AMP), exacerbates symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. We explored in rats the effects in adulthood of neonatal transient inactivation of the PFC on behavioral and neurochemical anomalies associated with schizophrenia. Following

tetrodotoxin (TTX) inactivation of the left PFC at postnatal day 8, latent inhibition-related dopaminergic responses and dopaminergic reactivity to D-AMP were monitored using in vivo voltammetry in the left core part of the nucleus accumbens in adult freely moving rats. Dopaminergic PLEKHO1 responses and behavioral responses were followed in parallel. Prefrontal neonatal inactivation resulted in disrupted behavioral responses of latent inhibition and latent inhibition-related dopaminergic responses in the core subregion. After D-AMP challenge, the highest dose (1.5 mg/kg i.p.) induced a greater dopamine increase in the core in rats microinjected with TTX, and a parallel increase in locomotor activity, suggesting that following prefrontal neonatal TTX inactivation animals display a greater behavioral and dopaminergic reactivity to D-AMP. Transitory inactivation of the PFC early in the postnatal developmental period leads to behavioral and neurochemical changes in adulthood that are meaningful for schizophrenia modeling.

We have found that K1 is internalized in a clathrin-dependent manner, and efficient internalization is coupled to its signaling function. Once internalized, K1 traffics from the early endosome to the recycling endosome. Interestingly, blocking K1′s activation of Syk and PI3K prevents K1 from internalizing. We have also found that blocking clathrin-mediated endocytosis prevents downstream signaling by K1. These results strongly suggest that internalization of K1 is intimately associated with normal

signaling. When K1 internalization was examined in B lymphocytes, we found that K1 cointernalized click here with the BCR. Altogether, these results suggest that K1′s signaling function is tightly coupled to its internalization.”
“OBJECTIVE:

Selleckchem Verubecestat Fever is associated with worse outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage, but there are few prospective data to quantify this relationship.

METHODS: We prospectively enrolled consecutive aneurysmal or cryptogenic subarachnoid hemorrhage patients and recorded the highest core temperature each calendar day for Day 0 (the day of hemorrhage) through Day 13. Fever burden was defined as the daily highest core temperature minus 100.4 degrees F, summed from admission through Day 13 (temperatures < 100.4 degrees F did not contribute to or subtract from fever burden). Outcomes were assessed at 14 days or at the time of hospital discharge with the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale and modified Rankin Scale, and at 28 days and 3 months with the modified Rankin Scale. Improvement was analyzed with repeated measures analysis of variance.

RESULTS: We prospectively enrolled 94 patients. From 14 days to 28 days to 3 months, functional improvement was related to cumulative fever burden, admission neurological else grade, aneurysm obliteration procedure, admission computed tomographic score, vasospasm, and external ventricular drainage. Good-grade patients had worse functional outcomes with increased fever burden, and poor-grade patients improved more over time when fever burden was higher (time by World Federation of Neurological Surgeons grade by fever burden interaction, P < 0.001). Patients

with vasospasm (P = 0.04) and patients with higher computed tomographic scores (P = 0.002) had worse 14-day outcomes but improved more over time. Bacteremia and ventriculitis were uncommon (<= 5%) and were not associated with higher fever burden.

CONCLUSION: Cumulative fever burden was associated with worse outcomes in good-grade patients and potential late recovery in poor-grade patients. Effective fever control in febrile subarachnoid hemorrhage patients may improve functional outcomes and hasten recovery.”
“Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is implicated in the acceleration of a number of vascular diseases including transplant vascular sclerosis (TVS), the lesion associated with chronic rejection (CR) of solid organ transplants.

Methods. Multiple regression analyses were performed on data from 877 older adults aged 60 years and above from the National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States. Adverse childhood experiences were retrospectively recalled at Time 1 (1995-1996). Sleep complaints, relationship strain, and emotional distress were assessed at Time 2 (2004-2006).

Results. Early parental emotional abuse was significantly associated with more sleep complaints in old age. Unsupportive interactions with family, friends, significant others, and emotional distress partially explained the association.

Discussion.

Parental emotional abuse in childhood hindered the development of supportive

social relationships later in life, which was associated check details with more emotional distress, and exerted a negative influence on subjective sleep quality among older adults. Future research should examine other underlying mechanisms that explain the contribution of human attachment to sleep across the lifespan.”
“BACKGROUND: The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) duty hour standards that began July 2011 will further limit resident duty hours.

OBJECTIVE: To survey neurosurgery residents in the United States on duty hour violations under the current system and the predicted effects on education and patient safety of the new regulations.

METHODS: Surveys were mailed to every neurosurgery training program in the United States and Puerto Rico. Program directors and coordinators were asked to distribute surveys to their Cyclosporin A residents.

RESULTS: Three hundred seventy-seven neurosurgery residents mailed

surveys back to the study center (34% response rate). More than one-third of respondents reported violating the 80-hour rule occasionally or frequently (36%). Thirty-one residents (8%) reported having been involved in a motor vehicle collision or life-threatening event and 20 (6%) reported having made a medical error resulting in patient harm after an extended shift. Eighty-three percent disagreed with the 16-hour proposed regulation for postgraduate year 1. The majority of respondents thought that Coproporphyrinogen III oxidase the new standards will have a negative or strongly negative effect on their residency training (72%).

CONCLUSION: This national duty hour survey of neurosurgical residents reveals considerable concern over the new ACGME proposed standards. The majority of respondents believe that the new standards will have a negative effect on their residency training. Furthermore, this survey indicates an overwhelming negative attitude toward mandated duty hour regulations among neurosurgical residents. Duty hour violations reported in this survey may be a more honest depiction of true violations than previous surveys and are higher than expected.

METHODS: The Chicago Chiari Outcome Scale (CCOS) uses 4 postoperative outcome categories (pain, nonpain symptoms, functionality, and complications) graded 1 to 4 for a total possible score of 16. As a comparison with current Chiari outcome methodology, each patient was also placed into a

gestalt outcome group of “”improved,”" “”unchanged,”" or “”worse”" (I/U/W). Patients were stratified by CCOS scores CP673451 nmr and by I/U/W group.

RESULTS: Stratifying patients by total CCOS scores showed that patients who achieved CCOS scores between 13 and 16 were predominantly in the I/U/W improved group (n = 101, 69%); scores between 9 and 12 were predominantly I/U/W unchanged (n = 39, 27%), and scores between 4 and 8 were I/U/W worse (n = 6, 4%). Symptom subscore results provided insight into the specifics of the overall outcome in addition to the more quantitative nature of the 16-point scale.

CONCLUSION: We describe a CCOS that assigns higher scores to patients judged improved by gestalt I/U/W ratings and lower scores to those who were unchanged or worse while defining outcome in 4 specific subcategories. As such, this CCOS should allow for a more unified and quantifiable outcome assessment after Chiari surgery.”
“Background: Metabolic syndrome ( MetS) is used as a clinical tool to identify individuals at risk of

cardiovascular disease ( CVD) but its clinical value in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM) remains uncertain.

Aim: To determine the prevalence and clinical usefulness of MetS among patients with T2DM attending diabetes clinics in a large teaching hospital.

Design: Prospective AZD9291 ic50 observational study.

Methods: Prevalence of MetS was determined by using International RVX-208 Diabetes Federation ( IDF) and National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III ( NCEP- ATPIII) definitions in relation to age, sex, diabetes duration and history of CVD.

Results: A

total of 390 patients were included in this study. Both IDF and NCEP- ATPIII definitions identified high prevalence of MetS in male and female patients ( IDF: male vs. female, 91.7 vs. 94.8% and NCEP- ATPIII: male vs. female, 87.6 vs. 94.2%) regardless of age ( below vs. above 40 yrs, similar to 70 – 75 vs. similar to 90 – 95% with both definitions), diabetes duration ( below vs. above 5 yrs, similar to 85 – 90 vs. 90 – 95% with both definitions) and history of CVD ( without vs. with CVD, similar to 90 vs. similar to 95% with both definitions). Central obesity was common reflected by mean waist circumference of similar to 113cm regardless of age and gender. Among those who did not have IDF-defined MetS, similar to 60% had at least two CVD risk factors. Both definitions similarly classified similar to 94% of the patients as either having or not having MetS.

Discussion: Both definitions can be used interchangeably to diagnose MetS.