The kinetics of benfuracarb sorption in mollisols conformed to two-compartment (1 + 1) first-order kinetics. The fast sorption rate constant was about 3 times higher for silt loam than for loam soil. However, the slow sorption rate constants were statistically similar for both soils. The concentration-dependent sorption-desorption isotherms of benfuracarb could not closely conform to the Freundlich isotherm in mollisols of high organic C content. Sapitinib clinical trial The computed values of both the sorption (log K)

and desorption (log K’) capacities were higher for silt loam than for loam soil. The desorption index (n’/n) values in the range 30.0-41.3 indicated poor reversibility of sorbed benfuracarb in mollisols.\n\nCONCLUSION: In view of the strong sorption of benfuracarb in mollisols with only partial desorption, the possibility of the leaching of soil-applied benfuracarb to contaminate groundwaters appears to be low. (C) 2010 Society of Chemical Industry”
“PURPOSE: To compare the repeatability and reproducibility of ocular biometry and intraocular lens (IOL) power obtained with a new optical biometer (AL-Scan) and a standard optical biometer (IOLMaster 500). SETTING: Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. DESIGN: Prospective comparative study. METHODS: Two independent operators measured

eyes with cataract using both biometers. The keratometry values, axial length, anterior chamber depth, white-to-white (WTW) corneal diameter, and IOL power calculated

using the Holladay AZD8931 clinical trial 1 formula obtained learn more with each device were recorded. lntraoperator repeatability and interoperator reproducibility of both devices were analyzed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The agreement in ocular biometry and IOL power between the 2 devices was evaluated by the Bland-Altman method. RESULTS: The study recruited 137 eyes of 81 patients. The repeatability and reproducibility of both devices were high for all ocular biometry measurements (ICC, 0.87-1.00). Except for the WTW corneal diameter (ICC, 0.44), the agreement between the biometers was also high (ICC, 0.98-0.99). The IOL powers calculated by the Holladay 1 formula were similar between the 2 biometers. CONCLUSION: The new optical biometer provided excellent repeatability and reproducibility for all ocular biometry. Agreement with the standard optical biometer was good except for the WTW corneal diameter. (C) 2014 ASCRS and ESCRS”
“A long-term photo-identification study of killer whales (Orcinus orca) in northern Norway was initiated in 1986, when their prey the Norwegian spring-spawning herring (Clupea harengus) started to winter in a complex fjord system. The aim of this work was to estimate population size and apparent survival rates in this killer whale population using photo-identification and mark-recapture techniques with data collected during October-December 1986 – 2003.

Immunosuppressive drugs can be used in association. Objective To compare the efficacy of Azathioprine in reducing the Disease Activity Index (DAI). Patients and methods A double blind randomized controlled study was conducted on 56 new patients, assigned to two therapeutic groups: (i) prednisolone plus placebo; (ii) prednisolone plus Azathioprine. Patients were checked regularly for 1year. Complete remission’ was defined as healing of all lesions after 12months, and prednisolone <7.5mg daily, (DAI1). Analysis was done by Intention To

Treat’ (ITT) and Treatment Completed Analysis’ (TCA). Results Both groups were similar in age, gender, disease duration, and DAI. Primary endpoint: By ITT and TCA, the mean DAI improved in both groups with no significant difference between them. The difference became significant for the last trimester (3months;

ITT: P=0.033, TCA: KPT-8602 molecular weight P=0.045). Secondary endpoint: The total steroid dose decreased significantly in both groups, with no significant difference between them, except for the last trimester (ITT: P=0.011, TCA: P=0.035). The mean daily steroid dose decreased gradually in both groups becoming statistically significant in favour of azathioprine, in the last trimester, especially at 12th months (ITT: P=0.002, TCA: P=0.005). Complete remission was significant at 12months only for TCA (AZA/Control: 53.6%/39.9%, P=0.043). Limitations Sample size was rather small to demonstrate all differences. Other limitations include the choice of primary and secondary endpoints

and the unavailability https://www.selleckchem.com/products/LBH-589.html to measure thiopurine methyltransferase activity. Conclusion Azathioprine helps to reduce prednisolone dose in long-run.”
“Objective : Various procedures have been introduced for anterior interbody fusion in degenerative cervical disc disease including plate systems with autologous iliac bone, carbon cages, and cylindrical cages. However, except for plate systems, the long-term results of other methods have not been established. In the present study, we evaluated radiologic findings for cylindrical cervical AZD1208 nmr cages over long-term follow up periods.\n\nMethods : During 4 year period, radiologic findings of 138 patients who underwent anterior cervical fusion with cylindrical cage were evaluated at 6, 12, 24, and 36 postoperative months using plain radiographs. We investigated subsidence, osteophyte formation (anterior and posterior margin), cage direction change, kyphotic angle, and bone fusion on each radiograph.\n\nResults : Among the 138 patients, a minimum of 36 month follow-up was achieved in 99 patients (mean follow-up : 38.61 months) with 115 levels. Mean disc height was 7.32 mm for preoperative evaluations, 9.00 for immediate postoperative evaluations, and 4.87 more than 36 months after surgery. Osteophytes were observed in 107 levels (93%) of the anterior portion and 48 levels (41%) of the posterior margin. The mean kyphotic angle was 9.

21 for the physical function subscale and Acalabrutinib mouse 0.75, 0.83, and 1.15 for the social/wellbeing function subscale. Limitations. Responsiveness was evaluated with a limited number of participants. Conclusions. The results demonstrated the test-retest reliability for all items

of the FDI and confirmed its internal consistency, construct validity, and responsiveness with an independent and larger clinical subset. This study completes the validation of the FDI and provides the first validated questionnaire in Italian for assessment of disability and quality of life specifically in patients with facial palsy.”
“Calcifying fibrous tumor (CFT) is a rare benign mesenchymal tumor composed of hyalinized fibrous tissue with interspersed bland fibroblastic spindled cells, scattered psammomatous, and/or dystrophic calcifications and variably prominent mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate. CFTs show a predilection for the abdominal cavity and soft tissue. To date, 6 gastric and 3 intestinal CFTs have been reported. We analyzed 7 gastric CFTs including 6 new cases. Patients were 4 men and 3 women with a mean age of 53 years (range, 40 to 77). Mean tumor size was 2.2 cm. Most tumors originated in the gastric body (6/7). Six were incidental findings at autopsy or

during surgery for other diseases. One ulcerated tumor caused iron deficiency anemia and ulcer symptoms. Six tumors involved the muscularis propria with variable submucosal and subserosal extension and I arose within thickened muscularis mucosae adjacent to a mucosal invagination. Histology was typical with uniformly hypocellular vaguely storiform collagen, lymphoplasmacytic learn more infiltrates, lymphoid aggregates and psammomatous, and dystrophic calcifications. Peritumoral lymphoid aggregates were seen in 3 cases. Adjacent muscle coat contained lymphoid MLN4924 in vitro aggregates with fiber degeneration (2), minute CFT-like foci (1), and

calcifications (1). In none of the cases were there remnants of burnt-out GIST, inflammatory fibroid polyp, inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor, leiomyoma, schwannoma, or other specific lesion. All tumors were negative for CD117, S100. smooth muscle actin, desmin, ALK1, h-caldesmon, and PDGFRA. Two stained focally with CD34. Scattered IgG4-positive plasma cells were seen in 4 of 6 cases stained with this marker. All 5 tumors with available tissue for molecular analysis were wild-type for KIT and PDGFRA. Three patients had follow-up (range, 12 to 24 mo); none developed recurrence. Gastric CFTs are distinct from sclerosing GIST and other mesenchymal g-ut lesions and may represent a localized inflammatory fibrosclerosis in response to immune-mediated or other-type tissue injury affecting the muscularis propria. They differ from soft tissue CFTs by smaller size, older age at presentation and lack Of recurrence, and from peritoneal CFTs by equal gender distribution, older age, and absent multifocal occurrence.

In papers reporting a difference in outcome, one year averaged survival was 74% in LVAD recipients compared to 90% in non-bridged patients. Decreased survival is associated with patients suffering from dilated cardiomyopathy, transplanted within two weeks of LVAD implantation and bridged to transplantation before 2003 as opposed to patients transplanted more recently.

Based on the available evidence we conclude that in selected patients survival after heart transplantation in patients bridged with VAD is comparable to those who did not receive the device. (c) 2011 Published by European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. All rights reserved.”
“PURPOSE: learn more To determine whether preoperative marking of the limbal cornea improves treatment of myopic astigmatism with the excimer laser,\n\nMETHODS: Retrospective study on 108 eyes with myopic astigmatism that underwent LASIK or laser epithelial keratomileusis (LASEK) with the Technolas 217 (Bausch & Lomb) excimer laser. Preoperative limbal marking was performed in 47 eyes

(marked group). The 12-month results were used for refractive and visual see more analysis.\n\nRESULTS: The achieved cylinder reduction, spherical reduction, and refractive predictability were similar for the marked and unmarked groups in the overall study collective, in the LASIK and LASEK subgroup analysis, and in a higher astigmatism (>1.25 diopters) subgroup analysis. Limbal marking showed no influence on the refractive results, and vector analysis showed no significant difference Anlotinib in angle of error among groups.\n\nCONCLUSIONS: Corneal limbal marking failed to improve the refractive outcome in LASIK and LASEK for myopic astigmatism. [J Refract Surg. 2010;26(7) :505-51.1] doi:10.3928/1081597X-20090814-01″
“The past decade has witnessed a rapid accumulation of evidence showing that hypoxic microenvironment, which is typical during cancer development, plays key roles in regulating cancer cell metabolism. In this review, we

will focus on the role of hypoxic response, particularly, its master regulator hypoxia-inducible factor-1, in regulating glucose, lipid, as well as amino acid metabolism in cancer cells. We will also discuss the therapeutic opportunities by targeting specific pathways that facilitate metabolic reprogramming in cancer cells.”
“We performed a multi-physics simulation for the propagation of electromagnetic waves and heat conduction in a super-resolution optical disc that includes an active layer of InSb. Because the change in the optical constant of InSb due to the phase transition is taken into account, the melting of the active layer can be realistically simulated in our calculation. It was found that in the case of an incident light power (P) of 2 mW, a profile of the electric field intensity transmitted through the InSb layer has an asymmetric shape with a narrow peak.

This article reviews current knowledge or the somatotrophic axis, including GH and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), in the brain and also discusses the potential use of GH/IGF-1 as agents for treatment of brain pathology in addictive diseases.”
“Astragalus gahiratensis Ali (Fabaceae-Papilionoideae) is endemic to District Chitral Pakistan. The population size i.e. 127 mature individuals were found in 4 localities in 2005, 28 mature individuals were Nirogacestat found in 03 localities in 2006 and 107 mature individuals were found in 4 localities in 2007, the taxon deserved the status of Critically Endangered (CR)

category. The main threat posed to the taxon is its habitat degradation. Soil erosion resulted from deforestation and grazing are among the other main threats responsible for the reduction in population size. In 3 localities i.e., Chitral-Chaghbeni towards Ishpeder, Chitral-Gokhshal and Chitral Gol-Ishpeder, 75%, 13.79% and 18.64% decrease has been observed in its population size, respectively. There is urgent need to develop species specific conservation strategies, followed by comprehensive conservation

action plan and thereafter their implementation at ground root level on national scale.”
“Of EPZ004777 all the babies born with birth defects, approximately one-third display anomalies of the head and face [Gorlin et al., 1990] including cleft lip, cleft palate, small or absent facial and

skull bones and improperly formed nose, eyes, ears, and teeth. Craniofacial disorders are a primary cause of infant mortality and have serious lifetime functional, esthetic, and social consequences that are devastating to both children and parents alike. Comprehensive surgery, dental care, psychological Dorsomorphin purchase counseling, and rehabilitation can help ameliorate-specific problems but at great cost over many years which dramatically affects national health care budgets. For example, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that the lifetime cost of treating the children born each year with cleft lip and/or cleft palate alone to be US$697 million. Treating craniofacial malformations, of which in excess of 700 distinct syndromes have been described, through comprehensive, well-coordinated and integrated strategies can provide satisfactory management of individual conditions, however, the results are often variable and rarely fully corrective. Therefore, better techniques for tissue repair and regeneration need to be developed and therapeutic avenues of prevention need to be explored in order to eliminate the devastating consequences of head and facial birth defects. To do this requires a thorough understanding of the normal events that control craniofacial development during embryogenesis.

aureus. In this study we show through a number of complementary methods that S. aureus GapA is essential for glycolysis while GapB is essential in gluconeogenesis. These proteins are reciprocally regulated in response to glucose concentrations, and both are influenced by the glycolysis learn more regulator protein GapR, which is the first demonstration of the role of this regulator in S. aureus and the first indication that GapR homologues control genes other than those within the glycolytic operon. Furthermore, we show that both GapA and GapB are important in the pathogenesis of S. aureus in a Galleria mellonella model of infection, showing for the

first time in any bacteria that both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis have important roles in virulence.”
“Background/Aims: Liver cirrhosis is a chronic disease by degeneration, regeneration and fibrosis in the liver parenchyma, caused by many diseases. Insulin resistance can be defined as any type of decrease in the effect that may occur at the phases following insulin’s secretion from B-cells of the pancreas, where it is produced, until it has the expected effects in the target cells. Buparlisib clinical trial The aim

of the present study is to demonstrate the presence of insulin resistance in LC, which is common in our country and region, and investigate the existence of association between insulin resistance occuring in LC and cytokine levels, age, gender, CRP, Hs-CRP, Child-Pugh score and etiology of LC.\n\nMethodology: A total of 79 patients with liver cirrhosis (group 1) were included in the study, and 50 subjects as controls (group 2). Of liver cirrhosis patients, 49 (62%) were male and 30 (38%) were female, with a mean age of 54.71 +/- 14.68. Of the controls, 23 (46%) were male and 27 (54%) were female, with a mean age of 41.9 +/- 11.54. Severity of cirrhosis was assessed by Modified Child-Turcoutte-Pugh score. Seven cases (8.9%) were at the Child-Pugh stage A, 35 Bucladesine inhibitor cases (44.3%) at the Child-Pough stage B, and 37 cases (46.8%) at the Child-Pough stage C. HOMA-IR was calculated and values >2.7 were regarded as presence of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR +).

Serum glucose, albumin, bilirubin values were studied with enzymatic method (Architect C-16000); serum CRP, Hs-CRP values with nephelometric method by Beckman Coulter Image Nephelometer (immunochemistry system); insulin, C-peptide with electrochemiluminance immunological method; prothrombin time with radiation method by ACL-Advance brand device.\n\nResults: In this study, glucose (p=0.004), insulin (p=0.010), C-peptide (p<0.001), HOMA-IR (p<0.001), TNF-alpha (p<0.001), IL-2RES (p<0.001), IL-6 (p=0.002), CRP (p<0.001) and HsCRP (p=0.006) levels are elevated in LC patients, compared to control group.\n\nConsequently, high HOMA-IR in LC supports the fact that insulin resistance develops in LC, as it is reported in similar studies.

The primary saccade was completed in advance of the object reaching the point of contact, and was best predicted by a first-order estimate URMC-099 nmr of TTC (TTC1). Participants then made their manual response, which was also best predicted by TTC1.

Therefore, object acceleration was not taken into account in either the ocular or manual response, with the latter occurring before the object reached the point of contact when it decelerated and after when it accelerated. Further analyses of the ocular and manual responses indicated no functional relationship and independent control. We suggest that the demand to make temporal estimates with a stationary location in PM tasks is critical in explaining the discrepancy with oculomotor research.”
“In this work, a simple set-up was designed, realized and tested to evaluate the effect of intestinal absorption on the in vitro drug release studies. The conventional USP-approved dissolution

apparatus 2 was equipped with an hollow Epacadostat fibers filter, along with the necessary tubing and pumps, to simulate the two-fluids real behavior (the gastro intestinal lumen and the gastro intestinal circulatory system). The realized set-up was characterized in term of mass exchange characteristic, using the theophylline as the model drug, also with the aid of a simple mathematical model; then the release kinetics of a controlled release tablet was evaluated in the conventional test as well as in the novel simulator. The concentration of drug in the release compartment (which simulates Pevonedistat manufacturer the gastric lumen) was found lower in the novel simulator than in the traditional one. (C) 2012 Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved.”
“Freeze drying is a suitable technique to improve the long-term storage

stability of colloidal drug carrier systems such as nanoparticles. Aim of this study was to systematically evaluate excipients for the freeze drying and long-term stability of albumin-based nanoparticles. In our study, nanoparticles made of human serum albumin (HSA) were freeze dried in the presence of different cryoprotective agents and after reconstitution were evaluated with regard to their physico-chemical characteristics. Empty, doxorubicin-loaded, and PEGylated nanoparticles were prepared and were freeze dried in the presence of different concentrations of sucrose, trehalose, and mannitol, respectively. The samples were physicochemically characterised with regard to lyophilisate appearance, particle size, and polydispersity using photon correlation spectroscopy. For evaluation of long-term stability, the samples were stored at 2-8, 25, and 40 degrees C over predetermined time intervals. In the absence of cryoprotectants, particle growth was observed in all freeze-dried formulations.

\n\nDesign: Multicenter, randomized clinical trial.\n\nParticipants: Eight hundred forty study eyes of 693 subjects with DME involving the fovea and with visual acuity of 20/40 to 20/320.\n\nMethods: Eyes were randomized to focal/grid photocoagulation (n = 330), 1 mg intravitreal triamcinolone (n = 256), or 4 mg intravitreal triamcinolone (n = 254). Retreatment was given for persistent or new edema at 4-month intervals. The primary outcome was evaluated at 2 years.\n\nMain Outcome Measures: Visual acuity measured with the electronic Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study method (primary), optical coherence tomography-measured retinal thickness (secondary),

and safety. Results: At 4 months, mean visual acuity was better in the 4-mg triamcinolone group than in either the laser group (P<0.001) or the 1-mg triamcinolone group (P = 0.001). By 1 year, there were no significant

differences among groups in mean visual acuity. At the PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitor 3 16-month visit and extending through the primary outcome visit at 2 years, mean visual acuity was better in the laser group than in the other 2 groups (at 2 years, P = 0.02 comparing the laser and 1-mg groups, P = 0.002 comparing the laser and 4-mg groups, and P = 0.49 comparing the 1-mg and 4-mg groups). Treatment group differences in the visual acuity outcome could not be attributed solely to cataract formation. Optical coherence tomography results generally paralleled the visual acuity PP2 chemical structure results. Intraocular pressure increased from baseline by 10 mmHg or more at any visit in 4%, 16%, and 33% of eyes in the 3 treatment groups, respectively, and cataract surgery was performed in 13%, 23%, and 51 % of eyes in the 3 treatment groups, respectively.\n\nConclusions: Over a 2-year period, focal/grid photocoagulation is more effective and has fewer side effects than 1-mg or 4-mg doses of preservative-free intravitreal triamcinolone for most patients Panobinostat order with DME who have characteristics similar to the cohort in this clinical trial. The results of this study also support that focal/grid

photocoagulation currently should be the benchmark against which other treatments are compared in clinical trials of DME.”
“Two warmblood horses with a history of chronic weight loss and inappetence were referred to the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Germany, for further examination. The clinical signs in horse 1 were fever, tachycardia and tachypnoea, and chronic ulcerative keratopathy of both eyes. Horse 2 had severe oral ulcerations and was coughing during feeding. In both horses, increased bronchovesicular sounds were heard during auscultation of the lungs. Laboratory findings included mild anaemia, lymphopenia and hypoalbuminaemia. Radiographic examination of the thorax revealed a severe nodular interstitial pattern. Multiple nodular lesions on the surface of the lung were observed by ultrasonographic examination.

“
“Congenital prepubic sinus is a rare congenital anomaly situated in the midline of the lower abdomen. We report a case of congenital prepubic sinus, closely associated with a urachal remnant. Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging showed clearly that the sinus tracked the urachus caudally. This finding supports the theory

that the anomaly is caused by abnormal remnant tissue originating from the cloacal membrane, which tracks the allantois duct caudally along with fetal longitudinal growth.”
“Objective: This study aims to determine if macrolide antibiotics have neuroprotective effects against transient cerebral ischemia. Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to cerebral ischemia for 90 minutes followed by 24 or 72 hours of reperfusion. An oral suspension of roxithromycin (RXM), clarithromycin (CAM), erythromycin (EM), azithromycin AZD0530 nmr (AZM), or kitasamycin (INN) was given

at 10 or 100 mg/kg for 7 days before ischemia. The infarct volume, edema volume, and neurological performance were evaluated after 24 and 72 hours of reperfusion. The cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured with a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system after 90 minutes of ischemia. Another experiment was conducted to investigate how the ischemic injury was affected by the interval from the antibiotic pretreatment to the ischemia in rats pretreated with CAM. Results: Roxithromycin, CAM, AZM, and INN significantly reduced the infarct C59 Wnt purchase volume in the high-dose group after 24 and 72 hours of reperfusion. All of the agents significantly decreased the edema in the high-dose groups at 24 and 72 hours, while

only CAM and AZM significantly reduced the edema volume in the low-dose groups at 24 hours. All of the macrolide antibiotics at the high dose significantly improved neurological deficit scores at 24 and 72 hours. There were no differences in the CBF between the vehicle and respective antibiotic groups. In the experiment examining the interval, the 24-hour interval group exhibited the strongest neuroprotective effect. Discussion: These results demonstrate that the macrolide antibiotics RXM, CAM, EM, AZM, and INN may confer neuroprotective effects against ischemic damage following Napabucasin purchase cerebral ischemia without affecting the CBF.”
“Accurate situation awareness (SA) of medical staff is integral for providing optimal performance during the treatment of patients. An understanding of SA and how it affects treatment of patients is therefore crucial for patient safety and an essential element for research on human factors in anesthesia. This review describes the concept of SA in the anesthesia environment, including the interaction with associated medical teams. Different approaches for its assessment in the work environment of anesthesia are provided. Factors contributing to expertise in SA are described and approaches for the training of SA in anesthesia are discussed, as are types of errors that occur during the development of SA.

Forty-one bvFTD patients and 75 probable AD patients, all diagnosed using accepted criteria, were seen by a neurologist and a neuropsychologist. Information regarding ED behaviour was obtained from the caregiver’s history, observations for spontaneous behaviour and induction of the behaviour in the clinic. All ED behaviours were significantly more frequent in bvFTD compared with AD. UB (78 %; 66 % incidental) and

IB (59 %) occurred exclusively in bvFTD. Multi-pronged and focused clinical assessment contributed to the high frequency of ED behaviours. Nearly two-thirds Fosbretabulin manufacturer of bvFTD patients, but none with AD, showed three or more ED behaviours. We concluded that ED behaviours are more common in bvFTD than is currently recognized. UB, IB or three ED behaviours, if present, could clearly differentiate bvFTD from AD. A focused search should consistently uncover ED behaviours in bvFTD patients.”
“STUDY DESIGN: Randomized clinical trial.\n\nOBJECTIVES: To compare the effects of cervical versus thoracic thrust manipulation in patients with bilateral chronic mechanical neck

pain on pressure pain sensitivity, neck pain, and cervical range of motion (CROM).\n\nBACKGROUND: Evidence suggests that spinal interventions can stimulate descending inhibitory pain pathways. ZD1839 ic50 To our knowledge, no study has investigated the neurophysiological effects learn more of thoracic thrust manipulation in individuals with bilateral chronic mechanical neck pain, including widespread changes on pressure sensitivity.\n\nMETHODS: Ninety patients (51% female) were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups:

cervical thrust manipulation on the right, cervical thrust manipulation on the left, or thoracic thrust manipulation. Pressure pain thresholds (PPTs) over the C5-6 zygapophyseal joint, lateral epicondyle, and tibialis anterior muscle, neck pain (11-point numeric pain rating scale), and cervical spine range of motion (CROM) were collected at baseline and 10 minutes after the intervention by an assessor blinded to the treatment allocation of the patients. Mixed-model analyses of covariance were used to examine the effects of the treatment on each outcome variable, with group as the between-subjects variable, time and side as the within-subject variables, and gender as the covariate. The primary analysis was the group-by-time interaction.\n\nRESULTS: No significant interactions were found with the mixed-model analyses of covariance for PPT level (C5-6, P>.210; lateral epicondyle, P>.186; tibialis anterior muscle, P>.268), neck pain intensity (P=.923), or CROM (flexion, P=.700; extension, P=.387; lateral flexion, P>.672; rotation, P>.192) as dependent variables. All groups exhibited similar changes in PPT, neck pain, and CROM (all, P<.001).