3 Therefore, inflammation has emerged as an integrative cardiovascular disease factor,4 and novel risk factors such as fibrinogen and inflammatory markers have been introduced.5 Interestingly, individuals with severe chronic periodontitis have been reported to have a significantly increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease, after adjusting for many traditional risk factors.6 Although the mechanisms accounting for such a relationship have not been fully defined, it has been proposed that bacteria can access systemic circulation, leading to the invasion of vascular cells and increased levels of circulating cytokines.7 and 8 selleck compound The endothelium

is the active inner monolayer of the blood vessels, forming an interface between circulating blood in the lumen and the rest of the vessel wall. It

is well established that systemic inflammatory factors activate the endothelium, see more leading to its dysfunction.9, 10 and 11 One of the hallmarks of endothelial dysfunction is an altered response to endothelial-dependent stimuli, such as acetylcholine.12 Acetylcholine stimulates endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS-3) to generate NO, that diffusing to the underlying smooth muscle cell and induces relaxation by increasing the production of cGMP. On the other hand, response to the endothelium-independent vasodilator sodium nitroprusside, a nitric oxide donor, remains intact during endothelial dysfunction. Additionally, it has been shown that endothelial dysfunction enhances vasoconstriction response to agents like phenylephrine by reduction of endothelial nitric oxide buffering capacity.13 Endothelial dysfunction is an early event

in the development of cardiovascular disease.14 and 15 A number of studies have shown that patients with cardiovascular risk factors but no clinical signs of atherosclerosis have endothelial dysfunction.16 and 17 Emerging evidence has shown an association between periodontitis and endothelial dysfunction in humans.18, 19 and 20 These findings suggest that periodontitis is associated MAPK inhibitor with endothelial dysfunction through decreased nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability and that systemic inflammation may be, at least in part, a cause of endothelial dysfunction. Despite the link between periodontitis and endothelial dysfunction in humans, more knowledge of this association is needed. The studies that show this relationship use flow-mediated dilation of brachial artery as a clinical marker of endothelial function18, 19 and 20, a method that is reproducible and closely correlated with invasively measured endothelial function21, but that fail to provide more detailed information about the vascular changes. Thus, the objective of the present work was to evaluate the vascular reactivity changes in isolated vessels and specific vascular beds as well as the systemic inflammatory response induced by periodontitis in rats.