3B,C). This antimitotic effect of HDAC6

could be partially explained by the disruption of cell growth regulation. Thus, we next examined the effect of HDAC6 on the cell cycle distribution and on the apoptosis of Hep3B cells. Flow cytometry of Annexin V-stained cells showed no significant induction of apoptosis versus control (non- or empty vector-transfected) cells (Fig. 3D). In addition, HDAC6 overexpression did not affect www.selleckchem.com/products/AG-014699.html the expressions of proapoptotic molecules, such as apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), Bax, or Apaf-1 (data not shown), nor did it cause caspase-3 or poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage of Hep3B cells (Fig. 3E). Moreover, when propidium iodide-stained HDAC6 transfected cells were performed using flow cytometry, no significant changes in cell cycle transition were observed versus control cells (Supporting Fig. 2). Likewise, the ectopic overexpression of HDAC6 did not affect the expressions of cell cycle proteins such as p15INK4B, p21WAF1/Cip1, or cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) (Fig. 3F). These results suggest that HDAC6 overexpression induces a mitotic defect possibly mediated by caspase-independent cell death. It has been well established that autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved protein degradation process, which plays essential roles in cell survival or cell death, depending on the cellular context.

The fact that HDAC6, a ubiquitin-binding deacetylase, Forskolin is a central component of basal autophagy that targets protein aggregates and damages mitochondria10 led selleck screening library us to investigate whether the ectopic expression of HDAC6 elicits autophagic cell death of HCC cells. Notably, it was found that ectopic expression of HDAC6 in Hep3B cells significantly increased the conversion of LC3B-I into LC3B-II (Fig. 4A,B), whereas treatment of 3-methyladenine (3-MA; a specific inhibitor of autophagy) effectively blocked LC3B-II conversion induced by HDAC6 in Hep3B cells (Fig. 4C). Consistently, reduced cell viability caused by ectopic HDAC6 expression was effectively

blocked by 3-MA treatment (Fig. 4D). In addition, immunofluorescence staining for LC3B revealed that HDAC6 overexpression induced ring-shaped spots evenly distributed throughout cytoplasm, indicating an association between LC3 and autophagosomal membranes, and this association was completely blocked by 3-MA (Fig. 4E). Moreover, when cells were treated with HDAC6-sepcific inhibitors (Tubastatin A [Tub A] and Tubacin), ectopic overexpression of HDAC6 did not elicit hypoacetylation of α-tubulin, nor did it cause LC3B-II conversion in Hep3B cells (Fig. 4F). These results suggest that the restoration of HDAC6 expression activates autophagic cell death and the functional deacetylase activity of HDAC6 is required for the autophagy activation in hepatocarcinogenesis.