9) were compared with those in the low seismic intensity area ( smaller than 4.9). Results: SIRs increased with the increased flood severity: 0.94 (0.59-1.30) at smaller than 20%, 1.02 (0.70-1.34) at 20-40%, selleck inhibitor 1.26 (0.661.86) at 40-60% and 1.98 (1.25-2.72) at bigger than = 60%. However, SIRs did not increase with increased seismic intensity: 0.95 (0.601.29) at smaller than 4.5, 1.52 (1.07-1.98) at 4.5-5.0 and 1.17 (0.80-1.54) at bigger than = 5.0. ORs and adjusted

ORs for seismic intensity in the high flood area compared with the low flood area were significant: 1.68 (1.07-2.65) and 1.78 (1.08-2.96), respectively. However, ORs and adjusted ORs for flood severity in the high seismic intensity area compared with the low intensity area were not significant: 1.33 (0.82-2.17) and 1.19 (0.62-2.31), respectively. Conclusions: Cerebrovascular disease incidences after the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami of 2011 increased because of tsunami damage and not because of the earthquake Selumetinib datasheet magnitude. (C) 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel”
“Aim:\n\nTo investigate how the survival of Listeria monocytogenes on parsley leaves may affect its ability to sustain process-related harsh conditions and its virulence.\n\nMethods and Results:\n\nParsley seedlings were spot inoculated with stationary phase cells of L. monocytogenes EGD-e and incubated for 15 days. Each day, bacterial

cells were harvested and enumerated, and their ability to survive acetic acid challenge (90 min, pH 4 center dot 0), to colonize abiotic surfaces and to grow as biofilms was assessed. After a 3-log decrease over the first www.selleckchem.com/products/BKM-120.html 48 h, the population stabilized to about 106 CFU g-1 until the sixth day. After the sixth day, L. monocytogenes was no longer detected, even

after specific enrichment. Incubation on parsley leaves affected the ability of L. monocytogenes to survive acetic acid challenge (90 min, pH 4 center dot 0) and to adhere to stainless steel although the ability to grow as biofilm was preserved. To further investigate these physiological alterations, the mRNA levels of six target genes (bsh, clpC, groEL, inlA, opuC, prfA) was quantified using reverse transcription qPCR after 5 h of incubation on parsley leaves. A decrease was observed in all but one (bsh) target, including groEL and clpC which are involved in resistance to salt and acid. Moreover, the decrease in the levels of inlA, prfA and opuC transcripts after incubation on parsley suggested a repression of some genes involved in pathogenicity. In vitro assessment of mammalian cell adherence and invasion using Caco-2 cells confirmed the repression of the virulence factor InlA; however, the virulence potential in vivo in the chick embryo model was not affected.\n\nConclusion:\n\nListeria monocytogenes did undergo rapid changes to adapt its physiology to the phyllosphere.\n\nSignificance and Impact of the Study:\n\nThis study highlights the physiological changes undergone by L. monocytogenes during/after survival on parsley leaves.