As shown in Figure 3c, the HSP cancer characteristic peaks of GO (green line) displayed the C=O stretching vibration peak at 1,730 cm-1, the vibration and deformation peaks of O-H groups at 3,428 and 1,415 cm-1, respectively, the C-O (epoxy groups) stretching vibration peak at 1,220 cm-1, and the C-O (alkoxy groups) stretching peak at 1,052 cm-1[25]. After the reaction is conducted for 48 h (red line), the intensities of the FTIR peaks corresponding to the C-O (epoxide groups) stretching vibration peak at 1,220 cm-1 disappeared nearly, the C=O stretching vibration

peak at 1,730 cm-1 decreased dramatically, and the vibration and deformation Selonsertib mw peaks of O-H groups at 3,428 and 1,415 cm-1, respectively, and the C-O (alkoxy groups) stretching peak at 1,052 cm-1 increased slightly. These results further confirmed that some active functionalities Tucidinostat (epoxide groups) in GO have been removed. The mechanisms of tailoring GO Since the appearance of GO, the determination of GO structure has been challenging because of its nonstoichiometric chemical composition, which depends on the synthesis method and

the degree of reduction, and the oxygen functional groups in GO have been identified by various kinds of techniques. It is generally agreed that oxygen is present in GO mostly in the form of hydroxyl and epoxide groups on the basal plane, whereas smaller amounts of carboxyl, carbonyl, phenol, lactone, and quinone are present primarily at the sheet edges. The existence of the chemical groups confers new properties on GO such as the perfect monodispersity in water and weak reducibility. Based on the above facts and our experimental results, a probable mechanism is put forward as given in the schematic diagram (Figure 4). Firstly, part of Ag+ ions is preferentially absorbed on the sites of carboxylic groups at the edges of GO by the electrostatic interaction. Then Ag+ ions bonded on GO or freely dispersing in the solution further encounter the reducing groups (e.g., epoxy groups)

on the basal plane of other GO sheets. Thus, Ag+ Cyclin-dependent kinase 3 ions themselves are reduced to Ag and then generate Ag nanoparticles; meanwhile, the carbon-carbon skeleton is broken which directly leads to the cutting of GO into little pieces. Figure 4 Schematic diagram of tailoring mechanism through solution-phase redox reaction by adding metal ions into solution. Although the feasibility conclusion has been verified through analysis results of UV-vis and FTIR data, we also elaborately investigated the chemical state change of carbon in GO by XPS technology. Figure 5a shows the C1s XPS of GO sheets. There are four different peaks detected that centered at 284.5, 288.4, 293.8, and 296.6 eV, corresponding to C=C/C-C in aromatic rings, C-O (epoxide and alkoxy), C=O, and COOH groups, respectively [26]. After adding Ag+ ions into solution for 48 h, the distinct changes of C1s XPS are detected in Figure 5b.