Carbohydrate Another common Ralimetinib concentration ingredient in most ED is some type of carbohydrate source (e.g., glucose, sucrose, maltodextrin, etc.). Energy drinks also typically contain glucuronolactone, an ingredient which is involved in ascorbic acid synthesis and is metabolized into xylulose [12].

Evidence from numerous studies indicates that carbohydrate feeding during exercise of about 45 minutes or longer can improve endurance capacity and performance [13, 14]. Mechanisms by which carbohydrate feeding prior to and during exercise improves endurance performance include maintaining blood glucose levels, maintaining high levels of carbohydrate oxidation, and the ATM Kinase Inhibitor in vivo sparing of liver and possibly skeletal muscle glycogen [15]. Peak rates of carbohydrate oxidation are commonly around 1 g of carbohydrate per minute or 60 g·hr-1. Glucose, sucrose, maltodextrins and amylopectin are A-1210477 cell line oxidized at high rates, while fructose, galactose and amylose are oxidized at lower rates (approximately 25-50% lower) [16]. Consequently, sports drinks typically

contain a mixture of various types of carbohydrates designed to optimize exogenous carbohydrate oxidation [17]. ED’s contain approximately 25-30 grams of carbohydrate per 240 mL (8 fluid ounces) serving. This amount nearly meets the lower value of 30 grams/hour recommended during endurance exercise, but falls short of the upper range of 60 g·hr-1. In order to meet this upper level of 60 grams of carbohydrate per hour during endurance exercise, approximately 530 mL (18 fluid ounces) of a typical ED per hour would need to be consumed. While the total carbohydrate content of typical ED is quite high, a shortcoming exists in regards to the concentration of commercially available energy drinks. The American

College of Sports Medicine [18] and the ISSN [6, 17] recommend ingesting carbohydrate in a 6-8% solution (6-8 grams per 100 ml of fluid) during endurance exercise. A typical ED provides carbohydrates at a greater VDA chemical concentration, typically around an 11-12% solution. Ingesting higher percentages (>10%) of carbohydrate in fluids has been reported to delay gastric emptying and increase gastrointestinal distress [19, 20]. Consequently, athletes who want to use ED as sports drinks may need to dilute the beverage and/or alternate consumption of ED and water during exercise. Other nutrients Tables 3, 4, and 5 present a list of additional nutrients commonly found in ED or ES. Most ED and ES also contain a small amount of vitamins (e.g., thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, Vitamin B6, Vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, Vitamin C) and electrolytes (e.g., sodium, potassium, phosphorus, etc.). While the addition of these nutrients may add to the nutrient density of these products, there is little evidence that ingestion of these vitamins and minerals in the amounts found in ED and ES would provide any ergogenic benefit during exercise performance in well-nourished individuals [17, 18].