Braenderup and S. Bareilly and within each serovar (Go6983 supplier Figure 1). In S. Braenderup, all isolates were separated into 2 clusters (I and II) at S = 0.68. Most isolates belonged to cluster I, which was further separated into two subgroups (A and B) at S = 0.84 (Figure 1A). In cluster A, 19 isolates Selleck PF-6463922 were separated into 9 PFGE patterns, and 78.9% (15/19) of the isolates were from northern Taiwan (Figure 1A). In cluster B, 25 isolates
were grouped into 4 PFGE patterns, and 72% (18/25) of the isolates were from southern Taiwan (Figure 1A). S. Bareilly isolates were highly genetically homogenous and shared more than 90% pattern similarity (Figure 1B). Figure 1 Dendrograms were constructed by PFGE- Xba I patterns to determine the genotypes for S . Braenderup (A) and S . Bareilly (B) with corresponding information including the number and size of plasmids, PFGE subtypes, antimicrobial resistance patterns and collection
location of each isolate. The dendrograms were generated by the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) using the Dice-predicted similarity value of two patterns. The BioNumerics version 4.5 statistics program was used with settings of 1.0% optimization and 0.7% tolerance. Symbols of black square and white square represent resistant and susceptible respectively. Plasmids were separated into four groups by size. Ex, 1, 1, 1, 3 indicates that this strain harbored 6 plasmids, one is >90 kb, one is from >50 to <90 kb, one is from >6.6 to <50 kb, and three are <6.6 kb. Antimicrobial resistance profiles BAY 11-7082 in vivo Among
six traditional antibiotics tested, S. Braenderup and S. Bareilly isolates were almost all susceptible to chloramphenicol (CHL; 6.7% for S. Braenderup vs 0% for S. Bareilly) and kanamycin (KAN; 4.4% vs 0%) and differed significantly in resistance to ampicillin (AMP, 37.7% for S. Braenderup vs 0% for S. Bareilly), nalidixic acid (NAL; 0% vs 15.7%), streptomycin (STR, 37.7% vs 15.7%), and tetracycline (TET; 33.3% vs 0%) (Figure 1). Additionally, nine resistance patterns were determined, ranging from susceptibility to all antimicrobials to resistance to four antimicrobials. In S. Braenderup, 7 resistance patterns (S, R2, R4 to R8) were found, and Avelestat (AZD9668) significant differences were observed between cluster A (patterns R2, R4-R8) and B (patterns S and R2) for AMP (77.3% vs 0%), STR (63.6% vs 13%) and TET (54.5% vs 13%). In addition, most isolates in cluster A were MDR (73.7%) while most isolates in cluster B were susceptible (84%). In cluster A, pattern R6 (AMP, TET, and STR) was the predominant and was found in four genotypes (A3, A5, A6, and A7). In S. Bareilly, most isolates were either susceptible (S pattern; 52.9%) or resistant to one (pattern R1 and R2; 31.4% and 9.8%, respectively) or two (pattern R3; 5.9%) antimicrobials. NAL resistant isolates were found in S. Bareilly (patterns R2 and R3) but not in S. Braenderup.