coli in raw milk cheese samples. Forty-eight Salubrinal solubility dmso percent and 70% respectively of St-Marcellin and Brie samples were B. pseudolongum positive and E. coli negative while only 10% and 3% were B. pseudolongum negative and E. coli positive. E. coli was absent in numerous samples during

ripening in St-Marcellin process or at maturation step in Brie process. The comparison between mean counts of E. coli and B. pseudolongum showed that B. pseudolongum counts were always higher than those of E. coli in the two plants (Table 3). These differences were highly significant at steps A, C and D (F = 20.97; 43.18 and 48.37 respectively; P < 0.0005) in the St-Marcellin's process, at steps A', B' and D' (F = 326; 37; P < 0.0005 and F = 11.3; P < 0.01, respectively) in Brie's process. In

addition, E. coli counts were not stable during both processes with either an increase (at removal from the mold step of Brie’s process) or a decrease (ripening or maturation step of both processes). Reduction and even disappearance of E. coli during ripening in St-Marcellin’s process or during maturation step in Brie’s process could be due to low pH and to inhibition by competitive flora as it was shown by Caridi and coll. [24, 25]. These observations confirmed the fact that E. coli is not a suitable fecal indicator for both of these processes. In both processes, absence of E. coli did not mean absence this website of fecal contamination, whereas presence of B. pseudolongum pointed out a very large fecal contamination from animal origin. Up to our Enzalutamide manufacturer knowledge and till now, the species B. pseudolongum, from animal origin, is not used as a probiotic in human food. However, it is important to point out that those results shown in relation to raw milk cheese must not be generalized for other milk products Progesterone such as fermented milk containing probiotics. In those products, the presence of specific strains of bifidobacteria is a desired quality criterion. Conclusion Feces from animal origin appears to be the most probable external source of contamination

by B. pseudolongum of the raw milk used along the two raw milk cheese processes under study. This species contaminates all steps of the processes. B. pseudolongum is the most frequent species in animal feces [10, 14, 18]. Then it could be chosen as an efficient indicator of fecal contamination as it remained stable along the processes with semi-quantitative mean counts equal or close to 103 cfu ml-1 or g-1. Presence of an increase of total bifidobacteria during ripening in Marcellin’s process does not allow using total bifidobacteria as fecal indicator. In addition, the reason for that increase is not known yet. Eventually, another reason to use B. pseudolongum as indicator is the high number of E. coli negative samples. This confirms interest in using this species rather than E. coli. Results were very similar with both PCR-RFLP and real-time PCR in the St-Marcellin process. Both methods can be applied in routine analysis.