Considered on a daily basis, cell concentration increased roughly exponentially up to the bloom peak, but closer inspection revealed that the increases generally occurred when the direction of water flow was into the estuary, suggesting the source

of the bloom was offshore. “
“The idea that evolutionary models should minimize plastid endosymbioses has dominated Lumacaftor nmr thinking about the history of eukaryotic photosynthesis. Although a reasonable starting point, this framework has not gained support from observed patterns of algal and plant evolution, and can be an obstacle to fully understanding the modern distribution of plastids. Empirical data indicate that plastid losses are extremely uncommon, that major changes in plastid biochemistry/architecture are evidence of an endosymbiotic event, and that comparable selection pressures can lead to remarkable convergences in algae with different endosymbiotic origins. Such empirically based generalizations can provide a more realistic philosophical framework for interpreting complex and often contradictory results from phylogenomic investigations of algal evolution. “
“The volvocine green algal genus Volvox includes ∼20 species with diverse sizes (in terms of both diameter and cell number), morphologies, and developmental programs. INK 128 mouse Two suites of characters are shared among distantly related

lineages within Volvox. The traits characteristic

of all species of Volvox—large (>500) numbers of small somatic cells, much smaller numbers of reproductive cells, and oogamy in sexual reproduction—have three O-methylated flavonoid or possibly four separate origins. In addition, some species have evolved a suite of developmental characters that differs from the ancestral developmental program. Most multicellular volvocine algae, including some species of Volvox, share an unusual pattern of cell division known as palintomy or multiple fission. Asexual reproductive cells (gonidia) grow up to many times their initial size and then divide several times in rapid succession, with little or no growth between divisions. Three separate Volvox lineages have evolved a reduced form of palintomy in which reproductive cells are small and grow between cell divisions. In each case, these changes are accompanied by a reduction in the rate of cell division and by a requirement of light for cell division to occur. Thus, two suites of characters—those characteristic of all Volvox species and those related to reduced palintomy—have each evolved convergently or in parallel in lineages that diverged at least 175 million years ago (mya). “
“Four clonal cultures of the unarmored dinoflagellate Takayama acrotrocha (J. Larsen) de Salas, Bolch et Hallegraeff were established from Singapore coastal water on October 20, 2004, and January 1, 2007, for a HAB monitoring project.