Figure 3 Raman analysis of CNS-Si at different Si contents. The relative intensities for I G /I Si are as follows: 0, 0.15,

1.25, and 5.6 for 0, 5, 10, and 50 wt% Si, respectively. Figure 4 Raman mapping analysis. (a) 50 wt% Si and (b) 0 wt% Si. The electrochemical characterization showing capacity and efficiency along with materials cyclability of the three made battery pouches are presented in Figures  5, 6 and 7. A typical AC anode has a capacity of 372 mAh/g. The cathode which is made of LiCoO2 powders has a capacity of 140 mAh/g. This cathode drives the capacity of the cell at 100 mAh/g. The fabricated pouch-type cells are also a cathode-limited cell and shows a capacity about 100 mAh/g. Liproxstatin-1 cell line The anode made of CNS material only (Figure  5) shows a reversible capacity of 112 mAh/g AL3818 solubility dmso after the ninth cycle with a coulombic efficiency (CE) of 21% and stabilize after 28 cycles with a reversible capacity of 61 mAh/g with a CE of 30%. Efficiency is calculated as how successfully the capacitance comes close to the value if there was no capacity loss (100% corresponds to no capacity loss). This battery cell which is made of CNS anode shows more or less similar performance to the commercial one which is made of a copper foil coated with Selleckchem Temozolomide activated carbon. The later stabilizes

after nine cycles and shows a reversible capacity of 85 mAh/g with a CE of 48% (Figure  6). Blending Si with CNS was expected to increases the overall capacity of the cell as a result of increasing the capacity of the anode material. Anode material made of blended CNS with 20 wt.% silicon 6-phosphogluconolactonase stabilizes after 16 cycles and shows less reversible capacity and efficiency after compared to the previous battery cells (Figure  7). The characteristic of a cell containing 50 wt% (not presented) of silicon shows very poor capacity and efficiency. Lower performance of carbon-silicon-based

cells is most likely attributed to the larger size of silicon particles as well as the low electrical conductivity of the hybrid carbon-silicon material as a result of oxidation of the silicon particles during the thermo-milling process. Figure 5 Capacity/efficiency of CNS -0% Si anode-based full cell lithium ion battery. Figure 6 Capacity/efficiency of commercial-activated carbon anode-based full cell lithium ion battery. Figure 7 Capacity/efficiency of CNS -20% Si anode-based full cell lithium ion battery. Conclusions The carbon soot has an amorphous nature and milling transforms it into graphene and graphitic carbon. The carbon nanostructures are capable of coating the Si particles promoting a strengthening mechanism that improves the life cycle on the battery. The investigated processing methods and materials are cost effective and demonstrate to be able to produce composites with high homogeneity.