Hamsters that had been treated with anthelmintic 5 weeks after the primary infection (Group 3, primary abbreviated infection), and hence had been without worms for 38 days, by day 73 of the experiment had villi well within the

normal range, and even marginally longer than those of naïve animals (110·9% and 114·6% of control values). The challenge control group (Group 4, given only the second infection) had villi about half the size of those in the naive control group at both time points. Animals that were challenged with A. ceylanicum 4 weeks after removal of their original immunizing infection (Group 5, primary + secondary infections), had villi in the normal range 10 days p.c. (day 73 of the experiment), but this was followed by a progressive downward trend on days 17 and 24 p.c. buy Ribociclib (regression of villus height on days after challenge, confined to Group 5; Rp = 0·94, n = 19, β = −36·2 ± 3·07, t = −11·8, P < 0·001). By day 31 after challenge (day 94 of the experiment), these animals had villi that were almost as short as those in Group 2 (primary continuous infection). Figure 1 also shows the results of measurements of the depths of crypts in the mucosa. In naïve hamsters (Group 1) crypts remained in the middle of the SAHA HDAC purchase normal range (20) across the two time points of the experiment, but increased markedly

in hamsters experiencing the continuous primary infection (Group 2; 307·9% and 316·5%, respectively of control naïve values on days 73 and 94 after infection). Crypt depth returned to the normal range in hamsters after removal of the worms (Group 3, primary abbreviated infection), but was increased in those experiencing an early stage primary infection (Group 4, secondary infection only; 132·87% and 219·2%, respectively of control naïve values on days 10 and 31 p.i.). In hamsters that had experienced the primary

infection, followed by worm clearance and challenge (Group 5), the depth of crypts increased from week to week as the experiment progressed (regression of crypt depth on days after challenge, confined to Group 5; Rp = 0·91, n = 19, β = 23·0 ± 2·56, t = 8·97, P < 0·001). Tacrolimus (FK506) Values for mitotic figures were very similar in naïve control hamsters (Group 1) and hamsters from which worms had been removed on day 35 p.i. (Group 3, primary abbreviated infection), on both days 73 and 94 of the experiment (Figure 2). Hamsters sustaining a chronic uninterrupted primary infection (Group 2, primary continuous infection) had elevated numbers of mitotic figures on both days, whilst those given only the second infection (Group 4) had similar numbers of mitotic figures to naïve animals on day 10 p.i. (day 73 of the experiment), but increased numbers on day 31 p.i.