has a plectenchymal tissue from which the stipe originates, whilst the pileus arises from an apical prosenchymal tissue, as in Agaricus [18]. Similar structures were observed in M. perniciosa (Figure 3B). However,

the NSC 683864 clinical trial development was pseudo-angiocarpous since the hymenium was protected by the immature pileus, and no inner veil was present (Figure 4B) [37]. The morphogenetic mechanism was classified as concentrated, based on the description of Reijnders [38] since defined globose primordia with a complex anatomy (Figure 3A) were formed. This is compatible with pileostiptocarpic development because stipe and pileus-originated elements were already present in the primordia at an early stage (Figure 4B). Genes related buy Fludarabine to the early development of M. perniciosa basidiomata The molecular basis of cell differentiation that precedes basidiomata formation was recently investigated [17, 19, PRIMA-1MET manufacturer 39]. Developmentally regulated genes have been identified for some basidiomycetes such as A. bisporus [40], C. cinerea [19], Pleurotus ostreatus [41], among others. Moreover, the rapid increase of fully or partially sequenced genomes and ESTs from fungi already available in databanks allow the in silico identification of genes possibly involved in these processes [42, 43]. However, the understanding of the direct association between

these identified genes and their function in the initial development of basidiomata is still incipient. For example, the study of the ESTs of P. ostreatus led to the Rutecarpine identification of pleurotolysins expressed specifically in the primordial stage. The function of these proteins is being studied, but their role in primordia formation is not yet elucidated [44]. Since the studies in M. perniciosa are also in an early stage, the identification of genes related to basidiomata development was a first

step to establish a possible correlation between the developmental stages and their expression. The description of morphological changes in mycelium prior to the development of reproductive structures is a key step for subsequent morphogenetic studies and, at this point, helped in the search for genes related to these processes. So far, our contribution has been the analysis of the abundance of transcripts for some selected genes in specific moments during induction of fungal fruiting. Two independent but related tests were carried out. Using 192 genes from a library derived from mycelium in the fructification stage, a reverse Northern analysis, also known as macro array was performed, contrasting the early culturing with the final stage, when the first basidiomata appear. Additionally, a RT-qPCR was performed for 12 genes, analyzing their expression in each of the stages described in the above-described morphological studies. The development of basidiomycetes such as C. cinerea, one of the best-studied to date [19], served as guideline underlying the choice of the genes.