If scenario 2 be the case, then each tissue must be able to produce all three signals. Of course, a choice between the signals would have to depend on the characteristic of the pathogen–tissue interaction. Given coherence and independence of responsiveness, a decision between signals would be required. These are two extremes. However, they suggest a general case under which

each tissue has the potential to deliver all three signals but a given pathogen–tissue interaction would trigger only one of the three signals. Admittedly, there are many ambiguities here as tissues are composed of different cell types and themselves form organs. The relationship of pathogens to tissues will eventually have to deal with the relationship of pathogens to cells and organs. Further, implied is that the pathogenic universe itself is viewed by the adaptive immune system as Akt signaling pathway divided into four categories, each optimally responded to by one or the other of the four effector ecosystems. Lastly, if a given tissue traumatized

by different pathogens can deliver different signals (three are postulated), what might be the basis for the different interactions. One trauma signal might be determined by whether the pathogen is intracellular or extracellular (Signal 3a). Extracellular pathogens might be divided into those dependent on secreted toxins (Signal 3b) versus those that trigger and profit from immune subversion (Signal 3c) like a fulminating inflammatory response (i.e. immunopathology). The point being made, admittedly primitively, is XL184 nmr that the postulate of a small number of effector ecosystems and corresponding class controlling trauma signals implies that evolution has classified the pathogenic universe

into a few categories that exert a similar selection pressure to which the evolution of the 17-DMAG (Alvespimycin) HCl host can respond. The Trauma Model is a theory of the regulation of expression of the effector ecosystems. Here, we will try to formulate one of several possible sets of postulates that would define such a model. Then, we will propose tests of these postulates: 1  The uptake by APCs of Eliminons that the germline-selected (‘innate’) repertoire cannot recognize requires an Eliminon-antibody aggregate. The source of this primer uptake antibody is the B cell, which must secrete, antigen-independently, primer antibody after undergoing a sorting of its repertoire ([6], see discussion of Hypothesis VII in ref. [46]). This limits the presentation of exogeneous self by APCs making the requirement for ARA at the level of the S-NS discrimination (Module 2) less stringent but not obviated (see earlier). The overwhelming belief that T-suppressors play their major role by regulating autoimmunity makes it necessary to point out that the Trauma Model redefines their normal role. Feedback regulation of the magnitude of the effector response is essential [47].