In addition to E. coli survival assay, chromosomal aberration

test involving A.cepa system was also employed for the genotoxicity testing of the test samples [10]. Chromosomal aberrations are seen as a variation in the normal pattern of chromosomes at the metaphase-anaphase stage. It was found that the Allium cepa cells exposed to Aligarh waste water, refinery waste water and the test heavy metals exhibited a high percentage of chromosomal aberrations as compared to control. Moreover, it was seen that these samples caused a mitodepressive effect as there was a decrease in the MI value when the cells were exposed www.selleckchem.com/products/Etopophos.html to the test samples. This mitodepressive effect got reverted back in presence of the ROS scavenger, mannitol, as it might be helpful in the clearance of OḢ radicals. Ganetespib Our results are consistent with the report of Rathore et al. [24] wherein myrobalan having scavenging properties reverted the mitodepressive effect caused by Pb in Allium cepa root tip cells. All test samples invariably caused the induction of chromosomal aberrations (Table 1 and Table 2). Rank and Nielson [10] reported the induction of chromosomal aberrations as a result of exposure to industrial waste water. Moreover, chromosomal abnormalities

in the bone marrow cells of mice were also demonstrated to be caused by untreated wastes from silk industries [25]. It is interesting to note that the E.coli survival assay as well as A.cepa chromosomal aberration assay both led us to suggest a significant genotoxicity of the test samples. Moreover, chromosomal aberration pattern seems to serve as a valid biomarker for the detection of pollution caused by certain test industrial waste waters. For instance, the aberration pattern of AWW in A.cepa system was similar to that of lead nitrate which suggests the significant role

of lead and similar heavy metals in the genotoxicity of AWW. In the year 2008, AB1157 strain upon exposure to RWW for 6 h showed the mean survival to be about 77% which was increased to 81% in our recent study in 2011, highlighting the reduced bacteriotoxicity of refinery waste. Howerver, there was little or no variations in the almost survival pattern of other mutant strains like AB2494, AB2463 and AB2480 from 2008 to 2011. Present findings on the phytotoxicity and genotoxicity strongly suggest the highly toxic nature of the liquid wastes from Aligarh and Mathura refinery. Contamination of water bodies would render them unsuitable for irrigation purposes and recreation activities rather consuming such waters in any way. Thus, there is an immediate need for the adoption of proper treatment and bioremediation strategies to alleviate the pollution hazards caused by these wastewaters.