In the experimental studies with animal models, down-regulation of FasL expression in carcinoma significantly reduces tumor development in syngeneic immunocompetent mice [72], while persistent expression of RG7112 Fas PI3K inhibitor enhances tumor growth along with an increase in lymphocyte apoptosis [73, 74], and is acquired for survival from active specific immunotherapy [75]. Table 2 FasL expression in carcinoma cancers Carcinoma type Distribution of high FasL expression

References Colorectal 19% in adenomas, 40% of stage I-II, 67% of stage III and 70% of stage IV of carcinoma [46]   40.9% in adenoma versus 80.8% in carcinoma [47]   Higher incidence of metastases and poorer patients’ survival associate with FasL positive carcinomas [48]   0 positive in normal epithelial cells, 2/7 positive in primary tumors, 4/4 positive in hepatic metastatic tumors [49] Adrenocortical 37.7% in adenomas versus 100% in the carcinoma [50] Bladder transitional cell 1) 0% in normal urothelium, 0% in G1, 14% in G2, and

75% in G3. 2) 13% in superficial Ta-T1 versus 81% in invasive T2-T4 [51]   0% in normal urothelium, 19% in T1, 21% in T2 and 49% in T3 [52] Pancreatic ductal 1) 82% in primary versus 100% in hepatic metastases 2) Shorter survival for patients associates with FasL positive tumors [53] Nasopharyngeal 1) 0% in stage I, 57% in stage II, 58% in stage III and 82% in stage

Selleck Cilengitide IV; 2) A lower rate of disease-free and overall survival for patients associates with positive FasL expression. [54] Gastric 36.2% in adenomas, 68.8% in early carcinoma, and 70.4% in advanced carcinoma [55] Cervical 1) 5/14 in inner 2/3 stromal invasion versus 10/10 outer 2/3 stromal invasion; 2) 7/15 without LN metastasis versus 8/9 with LN metastasis; 3) Reduced survival times in patients with FasL-expressing tumors [56] Esophageal 1) Higher incidence of LN metastasis associates with Dapagliflozin the tumors containing >25% FasL expression; 2) All cancer metastases in LN express FasL in >50% of the cells [57] LN: lymph nodes Receptor-binding cancer antigen expressed on SiSo cells (RCAS) 1 RCAS1 is a recently characterized human tumor-associated antigen expressed in a wide variety of cancer tissues, and induces cell cycle arrest and/or apoptosis in RCAS1 receptor-expressing immune cells. Like FasL on carcinoma cells, RCAS1 is expressed in a high percentage of carcinoma cells (30-100%) and is significantly correlated with clinicopathological features including a shorter survival time for patients, and with apoptosis or reduction of TICs [76–81].