It is unclear whether the azithromycin resistance identified among these Arcobacter isolates would correlate with Campylobacter spp.; however, azithromycin resistance among Campylobacter spp. in Thailand has been noted before. Isenbarger and colleagues24 in a study from diarrheal stool specimens collected in Thailand from 1996 to 1999 found an overall azithromycin resistance among 520 Campylobacter isolates at 6%. The prevalence of A

butzleri identified in this study along with the azithromycin resistance pattern should spur interest in further Arcobacter-specific research and the inclusion of Arcobacter-specific isolation methods in diarrheal selleck inhibitor studies evaluating Campylobacter incidence. Because similar studies have not been performed, we cannot make comparisons between Bangkok and other cities of the world and therefore simply describe an observation. While the role of Arcobacter in human disease awaits further evaluation, a guarded approach is advisable for travelers

to Bangkok. The Infectious Disease Society of America recommends against the routine use of antibiotic prophylaxis because travelers’ diarrhea is usually a mild illness and self-treatment is effective in rapidly improving illness.43 An adequate supply of self-treatment antibiotics appropriate Trametinib supplier for Thailand in conjunction with other diarrheal medications such as loperamide, with proper instruction for use, should be considered for all travelers to Bangkok. High-quality medical care and good access to prescription medications are readily available in Bangkok should a traveler experience more than the routine bout of diarrhea. Special thanks to AFRIMS staff for technical support. Financial support for travel was obtained through the US Department G protein-coupled receptor kinase of Defense, Global Emerging Infections Surveillance and Response System, Overseas Tropical Medicine Training Program. This study was exempt from Human Investigation Committee review under the following part of the US federal regulations: 45 CFR Part 46.101(b)(4).

This study is not a clinical trial and does not need to be registered. The authors state they have no conflicts of interest to declare. “
“HIV-infected patients have an increased risk for bacteraemia compared with HIV-negative patients. Few data exist on the incidence of and risk factors for bacteraemia across time in the current era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). We assessed the incidence of bacteraemia among patients followed between 2000 and 2008 at 10 HIV Research Network sites. This large multisite, multistate clinical cohort study collected demographic, clinical and therapeutic data longitudinally. International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD)-9 codes were examined to identify all cases of in-patient bacteraemia.