Longitudinally, regression analyses were performed to evaluate the associations of change in z-score from baseline to week 48 of follow-up and change in CD4 percentage over the same period, VL at week 48 [detectable vs. undetectable HIV-1 RNA reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with sensitivity of 400 HIV-1 RNA copies/mL] and ART class initially received during study follow-up [PI-containing, BYL719 supplier nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-containing or both], adjusting

for baseline z-score as well as baseline CD4 percentage, log10 HIV-1 RNA and CDC clinical classification. Regression analyses were also adjusted for mean caloric intake (log ratio of caloric intake to estimated caloric need) of P1010 participants over the study period to evaluate whether the associations noted were independent of diet (although the results changed minimally without adjustment). Fat, protein and caloric intake were analysed using Nutritionist IV software (Hearst Corporation, San Bruno, CA, USA). For the second analytical approach using data from WITS, for each P1010 child (‘case’), up to three matched ‘control’ children from WITS were identified. Children were first matched on sex and race/ethnicity.

In addition, as WITS followed children longitudinally, a control had to have a study visit at the same age (within ±3 months) as AZD2281 mw the case’s P1010 baseline visit. As WITS evaluated the Tanner stage of female subjects ≥7 years old and male subjects ≥9 years old, WITS controls in these age ranges also had to be prepubertal at that visit. A total of 129 matched controls for

72 cases were identified (one to three matched controls per case); 22 of 38 children >8 years of age had no matches identified. WITS had very few children older than 8 years of age, limiting the utility of this control population for our older subjects. For each growth and body composition measure, to take account of the matching in Interleukin-3 receptor the statistical analysis, a case–control difference at baseline was calculated by subtracting the mean of the measurements for the matched controls from the case’s measurement. Univariate and multivariable associations between these differences and the case’s baseline disease status (CD4 percentage, log10 HIV-1 RNA and CDC classification) and prior ART exposure were evaluated using the same methods as for the analysis of z-scores described above, except that the multivariable analyses also included sex, race/ethnicity and age as predictor variables. For each case and matched WITS control, the change from baseline in a measure over 48 weeks was calculated, and then a case–control difference in that change was obtained.