None of the PCR find more ribotypes identified
was shared just between animals and the environment. These results agree in part with previous observations that most genotypes present in animals are also isolated from humans in check details the same region [15, 16, 28]. Only a single study compared environmental and human C. difficile isolates and also noticed an overlap as 17 of 23 PCR ribotypes were shared between human and environmental strains [9]. Figure 1 Comparison of distribution of ribotypes from different reservoirs. The distribution of the most common PCR ribotypes isolated from all three reservoirs in the time period from 2008 to 2010 is shown in Table 1. Interestingly, 30.8% of the environmental isolates were non-toxigenic compared to only 6.5% of human and 7.7% of animal isolates (P < 0.0001; Fisher's exact test). When only toxigenic strains are compared, the two most prevalent PCR ribotypes shared between all three reservoirs were
014/020 and 002 accounting for 20.1% and 8.2% (humans), 24.0% and 23.1% (animals), and 19.8% and 6.2% (environment), respectively. Results for PCR ribotypes 014 and 020 are combined as these two ribotypes have very similar banding pattern which is sometime difficult to distinguish using classical agarose gel-based electrophoresis. Ribotypes 014/020 and 002 are also among the most prevalent ribotypes in Europe [17]. This Linsitinib datasheet suggests that ability to survive in different environments plays a role in successful distribution and a high prevalence of a given genotype. Table 1 Most prevalent PCR ribotypes in humans, animals and the environment isolated between 2008 and 2010 PCR ribotype/toxinotype Humans (n = 601) Animals Edoxaban (n
= 104) Environment (n = 81) 014/020/0 or I 121 (20.1%) 25 (24.0%) 16 (19.8%) 002/0 49 (8.2%) 24 (23.1%) 5 (6.2%) 001/072/0, tox- or XXIV (CDT+)§ 42 (7.0%) 8 (7.7%) 2 (2.5%) 012/0 30 (5.0%) /* 1 (1.2%) 023/IV (CDT+) 30 (5.0%) /* 3 (3.7%) 018/0 27 (4.5%) / 2 (2.5%) 029/0 24 (4.0%) 1 (1.0%) 3 (3.7%) 150/0 15 (2.5%) 9 (8.7%) / SLO 080/tox- 1 (0.2%) 7 (6.7%) 1 (1.2%) 045/V (CDT+) 1 (0.2%) 5 (4.8%) / 010/tox- 14 (2.3%) /* 9 (11.1%) SLO 057/tox- 1 (0.2%) / 4 (4.9%) SLO 064/tox- 2 (0.3%) / 4 (4.9%) 078/V 6 (1.0%) / / 126/V 6 (1.0%) / 1 (1.2%) PCR ribotypes marked with* have been found in animals only not between years 2008-10. §Results for PCR ribotypes 001 and 072 are combined in this table since they have a very similar banding pattern which is sometime difficult to distinguish using classical agarose gel-based electrophoresis. Ribotypes 078 and 126 are not among the most prevalent ribotypes and are added only for comparison.