“
“Phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis in animal cells is primarily regulated by the rapid translocation of CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase alpha between a soluble form that is inactive and a membrane-associated form that is activated. Until less than 10 years ago there was no information on the transcriptional regulation of phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis. Research has identified the transcription factors Sp1, Rb, TEF4, Ets-1 and E2F as enhancing the expression of the cytidylyltransferase and Net as a factor that represses cytidylyltransferase expression. Key transcription factors involved in cholesterol or fatty acid metabolism (SREBPs, LXRs, PPARs) do not have a major role
in transcriptional regulation of the cytidylyltransferase. Rather than selleck chemicals being linked to cholesterol or energy metabolism, regulation of the cytidylyltransferase is linked to the cell cycle, cell growth and differentiation. Transcriptional regulation of phospholipid Pexidartinib order biosynthesis is more elegantly understood in yeast and involves responses to inositol, choline and zinc in the culture medium. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Filamentous microbes that form highly developed symbiotic associations (ranging from pathogenesis to mutualism) with their hosts include fungi, oomycetes and actinomycete bacteria. These organisms share many
common features in growth, development and infection and have evolved similar strategies for neutralizing host defense responses to establish symbioses. Recent advances in sequencing technologies have led to a remarkable increase in the number of sequenced genomes of filamentous organisms. Analysis of the available genomes has provided useful information
about genes that might be important for host infection and colonization. However, because many functional similarities among these organisms have arisen by convergent evolution, sequence-based genomic comparisons will miss many genes that are functionally analogous. In the absence of sequence similarity, annotating genes with standardized terms from the Gene Ontology (GO) can facilitate functional comparisons. Here, we review common strategies employed by filamentous organisms during colonization of their GNE-0877 hosts, with reference to GO terms that best describe the processes involved.”
“Understanding the effects of viral infection has typically focused on specific virus-host interactions such as tissue tropism, immune responses and histopathology. However, modeling viral pathogenesis requires information about the functions of gene products from both virus and host, and how these products interact. Recent developments in the functional annotation of genomes using Gene Ontology (GO) and in modeling functional interactions among gene products, together with an increased interest in systems biology, provide an excellent opportunity to generate global interaction models for viral infection.