Since there was clear correlation in hematuria between both methods, we used quantitative data by dipstick analysis for this study. The histological findings were evaluated based on the index of the glomerular lesion (IGL), as previously reported [23]. IGL is a histological score which is graded from 0−4 with a modification to evaluate sclerotic changes. Measurement of serum Ig, Gd-IgA1 and IgA/IgG-IC by ELISA We measured serum Ig, Gd-IgA1, and IgA/IgG-IC at the same time, with all stock serum samples taken immediately before, 1 year after, and 3–5 years after TSP. Serum IgA and IgG levels were determined using capture ELISA [17, 24]. ELISA plates were

coated GW786034 in vitro with 1 μg/ml of the F(ab’)2 fragment of goat IgA specific for human IgA and IgG (Jackson Immuno ARN-509 order Research Laboratories Inc., West Grove, PA, USA). The captured Igs were then detected using a biotin-labeled F(ab’)2 fragment of goat IgG anti-human IgA, or IgG antibody (BioSource). Avidin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase (ExtrAvidin; Sigma-Aldrich) and peroxidase chromogenic substrate o-phenylenediamine/H2O2 (Sigma-Aldrich)

were then added. The color reaction was stopped with 1 M sulfuric acid, and the absorbance was measured at 490 nm using the EL312 BioKinetics Microplate Reader (BioTek). The results were calculated using DeltaSoft III software (BioMetallics). High-adsorption polystyrene 96-microwell plates (Nalge Nunc International, Rochester, NY, USA) were coated overnight with 2.5 μg/ml F(ab’)2 fragments of goat IgG anti-human IgA (Jackson Immuno Research Laboratories) in phosphate-buffered

saline (PBS). Coated plates were blocked with 2 % bovine serum albumin Arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase (BSA; Sigma-Aldrich) in PBS containing 0.05 % Tween-20 (PBST) and serial two-fold dilutions of duplicate samples and standards in blocking solution were incubated overnight at 4 °C. The captured IgA was subsequently desialylated by treatment for 3 h at 37 °C with 10 mU/ml neuraminidase (Roche) in 10 mM sodium https://www.selleckchem.com/products/blasticidin-s-hcl.html acetate buffer (pH = 5). Samples were then incubated for 3 h at 37 °C with GalNAc-specific biotinylated HAA lectin (Sigma-Aldrich) diluted 1:500 in blocking buffer [16]. The bound lectin was detected with avidin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase and the reaction was developed as described above. HAA reactivity of IgA1 of each sample was calculated as the optical density (OD)/1 μg of IgA. Gd-IgA1 (Ale) purified from the plasma of a patient with IgA1 multiple myeloma was treated with neuraminidase and used as the standard [16, 18]. Serum IgA/IgG-IC was determined using cross-capture ELISA [25]. High-adsorption polystyrene 96-microwell plates were coated with 1 μg/ml F(ab’)2 fragments of goat anti-human IgG (Jackson Immuno Research Laboratories). After washing and blocking with 1 % BSA in PBST, samples were diluted 11-fold with the same buffer.