Species of Botryosphaeria have also been isolated from marine environments in sea grasses (Sakayaroj et al. 2010). The Botryosphaeriales was introduced by Schoch et al. (2006), following molecular analysis, and comprises a single family Botryosphaeriaceae. This family however, has a rather varied past as can be seen from inclusion of genera by various authors (Table 2). Von Arx

and Müller (1954) included 15 genera, but later reduced it to 14 genera by von Arx and Müller (1975). Barr (1987) was much more conservative and included only nine genera, mostly different from those of von Arx and Müller (1954), while Hawksworth et al. (1995) listed five genera and numerous synonyms of Botryosphaeria. With the use of selleck products molecular data it has been possible to add more new genera to the family sensu Hawksworth et al. (1995). Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010) included 11 genera, while Hyde et al. (2011) and Wijayawardene et al. (2012) listed 20 asexual genera. Phillips and Alves (2009) restudied the botryosphaeriaceous Melanops, epitypifying the generic type. In the present study, we accept 29 genera based on molecular data and examination of generic selleck chemicals types. Botryosphaeriaceae has been well circumscribed, and can be defined as forming uni- to multilocular ascostromata with multi-layered walls, occurring singly or sometimes in botryose clusters

or pulvinate stromata (e.g. Auerswaldiella), often united with conidiomata on a common basal stroma and embedded in the host and becoming partially erumpent at maturity (von Arx and Müller 1954; Eriksson 1981; Sivanesan 1984) We follow the concept for “Ascostromata” given by Ulloa and Hanlin (2000) as follows: “ascostromata: A stromatic ascocarp resulting from ascolocular ontogeny, with the asci produced in locules or cavities, the walls of which consist only of stromal tissue. No separable wall is formed around them. If a single cavity is present it is a unilocular (Palbociclib price uniloculate) ascostroma, and if several locules are formed it is a multilocular (multiloculate) ascostroma”.

This is not always clear, but we have tried to be consistent in using ascostromata even when only single locules are present and ascomata might therefore be more appropriate. Asci are bitunicate, fissitunicate, with a thick endotunica, and clavate, with a short or long pedicel and Anidulafungin (LY303366) with a well-developed ocular chamber. The asci form in a basal hymenial layer, intermixed among hyaline, septate, pseudoparaphyses, that are often constricted at the septum. Pseudoparaphyses are frequently present in the centrum of immature ascostromata, but they gradually disappear as the asci develop and mature. Ascospores are hyaline, thin-walled, aseptate and vary from fusoid to ellipsoid or ovoid, bi- to triseriate and are irregularly biseriate in the ascus, mostly without a mucilaginous sheath or appendages, some with apiculus at each end.