The amount of evidence that is required seems to be modulated by cortical regions Birinapant in vitro such as presupplementary motor area (pre-SMA) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC, e.g. 21•, 22, 23, 24• and 25). Many studies report that individual differences in pre-SMA BOLD responses correlate with individual differences in boundary setting of diffusion models (e.g. 21• and 22). Also, trial-by-trial fluctuations in pre-SMA BOLD correlate with trial-by-trial estimates of boundary settings under speed-stress

[24•]. This means that if there is a need to respond quickly, participants’ ability to adjust the amount of evidence required for a response is reflected in the BOLD response in the pre-SMA. The ACC, an area that is in close spatial proximity to the pre-SMA, has also been associated with the amount of evidence. Van Maanen and colleagues [24•] found that trial-to-trial fluctuations in BOLD response correlated with boundary settings in an accumulator model,

but only when the task instruction switched. Similarly, Mansfield et al. [22] found a correlation between ACC activation and boundary setting in a task switching paradigm, and Mulder et al. [23] found a correlation between ACC activation and the amount of required evidence in a two-alternative forced choice task in which the probability of the choices was manipulated. Additionally, subcortical nodes in the basal ganglia have been found to be related to boundary settings. In particular, similarly to the pre-SMA, neural activation buy Doxorubicin in striatum has been found to correlate with the boundary setting in the diffusion model or related buy SB431542 models. Also, there is some evidence that the subthalamic nucleus plays a role in setting

response thresholds 26 and 22. The previous section focussed on studies in which diffusion model properties were related to various regions of interest. In this section, we review work that has studied the BOLD response in spatial interference control tasks. The aim of this section is to identify which diffusion model processes can be expected to be important in an explanation of spatial interference control, given the overlap in regions of interest. The brain area that is most often reported in relation to interference control is the ACC (for a review see [27]). Although ACC activation is often associated with conflict monitoring or detection 28 and 29 and therefore should be active during interference tasks, the debate on the specific role of ACC is still open. Besides conflict monitoring 30•• and 31, people have argued that the ACC is active during anticipatory activation 32, 33 and 34, in response to errors [35], as an indicator of the likelihood of an upcoming error 36 and 37, and during task switching 38 and 39. In addition to the ACC, it has been argued that the DLPFC is involved in the resolution of conflict 30••, 40, 41, 42 and 43.