The NKT cell activation was assessed in terms of the release of IL-2 which was measured by the CTLL assay as described in the literature 31. Briefly, supernatants were collected from the co-culture, serially diluted, and incubated

with 5×103 CTLL cells for approximately 40 h at 37°C. Then, 1 μCi of 3H-thymidine (Perkin Elmer, Waltham, MA, USA) was added for the final 16 h and cells were harvested and measured for 3H incorporation. This research was supported in part by NIH grant R21 AI078898 (K. J. S.). D. Z. is supported by MD Anderson Cancer Center and NIH grants R01 AI079232, a developmental award and a supplemental award from P30-AI36211. We thank the NIAID tetramer facility at Emory University, Atlanta, GA for providing PBS57-CD1d tetramers. A. N. C.

and K. J. S. wrote the paper. A. N. C. performed all experiments, analyzed the data and performed statistical selleck products analyses. P. T., S. S., and A. M. W. assisted with experiments. A. N. C., D. Z. and K. J. S. were involved in study design, analyzing and interpreting the data and checking the final version of the manuscript; the authors were fully responsible for content and editorial decisions for this manuscript. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no financial or commercial conflict of interest. “
“Members of the European Society for Immunodeficiencies (ESID) and other colleagues have updated the multi-stage expert-opinion-based diagnostic protocol for non-immunologists incorporating newly defined primary immunodeficiency diseases (PIDs). The protocol presented here aims to increase the

awareness of PIDs among doctors working in different fields. Prompt Rucaparib identification of PID is important for prognosis, but this may not be an easy task. The protocol therefore check details starts from the clinical presentation of the patient. Because PIDs may present at all ages, this protocol is aimed at both adult and paediatric physicians. The multi-stage design allows cost-effective screening for PID of the large number of potential cases in the early phases, with more expensive tests reserved for definitive classification in collaboration with a specialist in the field of immunodeficiency at a later stage. In 2006, the Clinical Working Party of the European Society for Immunodeficiencies (ESID) published a multi-stage diagnostic protocol suitable for all doctors [1]. The protocol started from the clinical presentation of both paediatric and adult patients. Many primary immunodeficiency diseases (PIDs) present in childhood, but the most common clinically significant PID, ‘common variable immunodeficiency disorders’ (CVID), has a peak onset in the second and third decades of life. The multi-stage design allowed timely identification of potential PID by all doctors, while more costly elaborate tests were reserved for definitive classification at a later stage, in collaboration with an immunologist specialized in the field of immunodeficiency and a specialized laboratory.