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“The present study aimed at: (1) exploring rate and clinical ZD1839 features of superimposed bipolar disorder (BD) in Italian

children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), compared with a community sample, matched for age and gender; (2) exploring predictors of BD in ADHD children, by comparing ADHD children with or without superimposed BD. We studied 173 consecutive drug-naive outpatients with ADHD (156 males and 17 females, mean age of 9.2 +/- 2.3 years, age range 6-17.5 years), diagnosed with a clinical interview (Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL)); the control group consisted of a community-based sample of 100 healthy

children. The rate of children with a diagnosis of BD was higher in the ADHD group (29/173, 16.7%) compared with controls (1/100, 1%), (P<0.001). Among the 29 children with ADHD + BD, 16 (55.2%) had a Bipolar DisorderNot Otherwise Specified (BD-NOS), and 11(37.9%) showed ultrarapid cycling. Compared with children with ADHD without BD, they showed a higher rate of combined sub-type (21/29, 72.4%), a higher score at ADHD-Rating Scale (total score and hyperactivity subscale), higher rates of major depression, oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder. In summary, children with ADHD present a higher IACS-10759 ic50 risk for developing a superimposed BD. The identification of clinical features with an increased risk of BD can improve diagnosis, prognosis and treatments. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Fluoride is a chemical element that is found most frequently in groundwater and has become one of the most important check details toxicological environmental hazards globally. The occurrence of fluoride in groundwater is due to weathering and leaching of fluoride-bearing minerals from rocks and sediments. Fluoride when ingested in small

quantities (<0.5 mg/L) is beneficial in promoting dental health by reducing dental caries, whereas higher concentrations (>1.5 mg/L) may cause fluorosis. It is estimated that about 200 million people, from among 25 nations the world over, may suffer from fluorosis and the causes have been ascribed to fluoride contamination in groundwater including India. High fluoride occurrence in groundwaters is expected from sodium bicarbonate-type water, which is calcium deficient. The alkalinity of water also helps in mobilizing fluoride from fluorite (CaF2). Fluoride exposure in humans is related to (1) fluoride concentration in drinking water, (2) duration of consumption, and (3) climate of the area. In hotter climates where water consumption is greater, exposure doses of fluoride need to be modified based on mean fluoride intake. Various cost-effective and simple procedures for water defluoridation techniques are already known, but the benefits of such techniques have not reached the rural affected population due to limitations.